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Mozambique - Market Shaping Indicators

View Reall projects in Mozambique

Reall’s work in Mozambique began in 2017, which formed the basis of its partnership with Casa Real in Beira. Since 2018, Casa Real has leveraged various partnerships to bring innovative and quality affordable homes to Beira’s low and middle income households. CAHF has been working with Mozambique as a priority country since 2015, given the growing need and opportunity to expand access to housing finance products and affordable housing. Together with the yearbook profile, CAHF’s research in Mozambique is an important input into the broader Data Agenda work in Mozambique identifying key gaps in housing market data that would help create a better understanding of the housing ecosystem, for more targeted interventions and policy.

Country Overview

The 2017 Population and Housing Census records approximately 4.8 million formal residential dwellings in Mozambique, and in 2020, 4017 formal houses were reported to have been built. With a rising population, notably in Mozambique’s main urban city (Maputo) the delivery of housing has generally not kept up with demand. In 2018, UN-Habitat estimated that 77.2 percent of the country’s urban population lived in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing.

The Government of Mozambique’s housing policy is focused on providing better and affordable housing solutions to the lower income population. However, government, through the Fund for Housing Promotion (Fundo de Fomento a Habita – FFH) struggles to meet its objectives due to the high costs involved. More than 90 percent of the population is categorised as low income and, as a result, do not have access to housing loans . The country therefore has limited options for housing loans, and the FFH is the only government institution that promotes low income housing. Only middle and high income households, which account for approximately five percent of the population, can afford housing loans. The majority of families build their own houses incrementally, and approximately 80 percent of the houses in Mozambique are self-built . These houses are built with low quality materials, particularly in the rural areas and near cities, and as a result, the houses are more vulnerable to natural disasters that constantly plague the country.

State of Housing Data

Information on housing finance can be sourced from several institutions such as FFH, the Central Bank, National Institute of Statistics (INE) and commercial banks. However, these institutions do not have specific and detailed reports and data on housing finance. The Central Bank has financing information per banking institution for housing construction, market shares, interest rates, and more, and the information is available on the institution’s website. Banks do not provide detailed information due to compliance and reputational risk. The INE provides detailed information through surveys and general population census. The FFH provides information of ongoing housing projects, house prices, payments, and more. Lastly, the DUAT and property registration information can be found on municipal councils and registry offices, however, the information is superficial and barely updated.

Macro level indicators for Mozambique are largely accessible from government entities and multinational institutions. However, despite existing legislations governing housing related data, there are critical gaps in housing sector data. There are key data concerns for housing construction related indicators some data must be collected through direct correspondence and is not available on the respective websites of government entities. Significant data gaps relating to sales, transfer, and rental of residential properties, further limits understanding of access to finance, home ownership, mortgage credit, housing affordability and property transactions. There is also a lack of downloadable and regularly updated or released data hosted by private entities.

Supporting an agenda for data reporting and sharing in Mozambique’s housing ecosystem, requires concerted coordination and collaboration between market players at the highest level. First, the Bank of Mozambique is well positioned to leverage its network of mortgage and other finance providers to publicly host data related to access to finance. Second, it would be useful for INE to disaggregate some of its real estate data to establish the contribution of residential property to Mozambique’s economy. Third, the Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Water resources (MOPHRH) should be encouraged to centralise housing-related data collected from private housing and construction companies. Furthermore, the Land Registry could develop an electronic database which hosts publicly accessible property transaction data.

Text on this page is based on the MSI Mozambique Country Profile , drawn from Centre for Affordable Housing Finance (2020). Housing Finance in Africa Yearbook: 11th Edition 2020 , with additional content from CAHF and Reall.

Key Indicators

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1. Land & Infrastructure

% of urban bottom 40 households without access to basic sanitation services

95.6

Bottom 40 See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2012 DHS 96.5%
Ghana 2014 DHS 93.15%
Kenya 2014 DHS 88.25%
Morocco 2004 DHS 52.05%
Mozambique 2011 DHS 95.6%
Nigeria 2018 DHS 83.1%
Tanzania 2017 DHS 37%
Uganda 2016 DHS 94.5%
Rwanda 2016 National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) 13.13%
Pakistan 2018 The DHS Program 2.75%
India 2018 NSSO 76th Round 0.2%

2. Construction & Investment

% of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate dwellings

Close
Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire N/A
Ghana N/A
Kenya N/A
Morocco N/A
Mozambique N/A
Nigeria N/A
Tanzania N/A
Uganda N/A
Rwanda 2018 World Bank 42.1%
Pakistan N/A
India 2018 NSSO 76th Round 35%

3. Sales & Rental

Price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor

3,418,491 MZ$48,147.76

Urban See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2018 Site d'annonce et promotion dans l'immobilier en Côte d'Ivoire 15,500,000 CFA$27,087.48
Ghana 2019 Damax Construction Co. Ltd 108,704 GH₵$19,621.66
Kenya 2019 Tsavo Real Estate 4,000,000 Ksh$37,037.04
Morocco 2019 Various real estate websites 250,000 DH$27,027.03
Mozambique 2016 Casa Minha 3,418,491 MZ$48,147.76
Nigeria 2019 Millard Fuller Foundation; Shelter Origins 2,900,000 NGN$7,651.72
Tanzania 2018 CAHF 37,966,107 TZS$16,508.58
Uganda 2019 Various property developers 125,000,000 UGX$34,097.11
Rwanda 2020 Marchal Real Estate Developers 10,000,000 R₣$11,119.14
Pakistan 2021 Partners 2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33
India 2022 Real estate websites and industry experts 160,000 IN₹$2,176.87

5. Enabling Environment

Ease of Doing Business Index Rank: Global

74

National See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2020 World Bank 110
Ghana 2020 World Bank 118
Kenya 2019 World Bank Ease of Doing Business 61
Morocco 2020 World Bank 53
Mozambique 2019 World Bank 74
Nigeria 2020 World Bank 131
Tanzania 2020 World Bank 141
Uganda 2020 World Bank 116
Rwanda 2020 World Bank Ease of Doing Business Indicators 38 out of 190
Pakistan 2020 World Bank Doing Business Indicator 108 out of 190
India 2020 World Bank 63 out of 190

6. Economic Environment

GDP Per Capita

30,772 MZ$433.41

National See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2018 World Bank 1,024,171 CFA$1,789.82
Ghana 2019 World Bank 11,489 GH₵$2,073.83
Kenya 2018 World Bank 173,272 Ksh$1,604.37
Morocco 2018 World Bank 30,725 DH$3,321.62
Mozambique 2018 World Bank 30,772 MZ$433.41
Nigeria 2018 World Bank 659,159 NGN$1,739.21
Tanzania 2018 National Bureau of Statistics; World Bank 2,297,020 TZS$998.80
Uganda 2018 World Bank 2,357,327 UGX$643.02
Rwanda 2019 World Bank 737,578.59 R₣$820.12
Pakistan 2020 World Bank National Accounts Data 188,900 PKR$1,080.91
India 2020 Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation 151,760 IN₹$2,064.76

7. Demand

Population Size

29,495,962

National See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2017 World Bank 24,437,469
Ghana 2019 World Bank 30,417,856
Kenya 2017 World Bank 50,221,473
Morocco 2017 World Bank 36,471,769
Mozambique 2018 World Bank 29,495,962
Nigeria 2017 World Bank 190,873,311
Tanzania 2019 World Bank 58,005,463
Uganda 2017 World Bank 41,487,000
Rwanda 2019 World Bank 12,626,950
Pakistan 2020 World Bank National Accounts Data 220,892,331
India 2021 Minsitry of Health and Family Welfare 1,361,343,000
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    The Market Shaping Indicators project is a work in progress. Significant gaps exist in data, which will be filled in future revisions. We would recommend checking back regularly for updates. We are keen to receive any feedback that you have on this Dashboard, which can be sent to [email protected].

    Using the Dashboard

    The indicators are split into 6 key areas, split into the Housing Value Chain: Land & Infrastructure, Construction & Investment, Sales & Rental, Maintenance & Management, Enabling Environment, Economic Environment and Demand, shown in the following tabs. Navigation can either be undertaken by using the tabs, or through the Search box immediately above. Above this, currency indicators can be toggled between USD and local currency.

    Users are able to further interrogate each indicator each indicator through clicking on the arrows to the left of each indicator. This expanded section shows the data elements that are used to produce the overall indicator value, dates of data collection, source details, hyperlinks to the original data where possible, and a breakdown of data quality. The majority of indicators are quality assessed, based on the whether they are: Interpretable; Relevant; Sufficiently Accurate; Representative; Timely; and Accessible. Indicators are scored on each of these criteria using a 1-4 star system, detailed below:

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    Finally, all data can be downloaded for further interrogation. By clicking on Switch to Data View at the top of the screen, users can filter data based on countries and columns, and download in a .csv or .xls file.

    Bottom 40

    Reall targets the Bottom 40% of the urban income pyramid, referred to as the ‘Bottom 40’ or ‘B40’. An objective of the MSI work was to better understand and demonstrate the market from the perspective of households in the Bottom 40, and as such data is aggregated for this group where possible. Data for this group can be particularly challenging to come across. In part, this is due to the difficulties in accurately defining this group using existing data sets. Additionally though, the informality of much of life for lower income groups severely limits data availability, particularly in terms of key data on jobs, housing and relationships with local government. This lack of data is a key blockage for further engagement at the lower end of the housing market, and resolving this is an objective of Reall’s and of the MSI work.

    Aggregations

    Data is shown at various different “aggregations”, which demonstrate the size and location of the population for which the data represents. This varies from national to city level in terms of population groupings. Additional aggregations exist for the Bottom 40, as detailed above, enabling a focused view on the lower end of the market.

    For relevant data, Reall’s partners are also included as an aggregation. This is not meant to be representative of the entire market, but recognises that as practitioners and experts within the lower end of the housing market of each country, their experiences are a useful check on other data sets, and an indication of the value when other data is not available.

    Terms of Use

    Reall Ltd (“Reall”) endeavours to make its data as freely available as possible in order to demonstrate the successes of its model and encourage other actors into the affordable homes movement. Reall provides the user with access to these data free of charge subject to the terms of this agreement.

    Users are encouraged to use the data to benefit themselves and others in creative ways.

    Unless specifically labelled otherwise, you are free to copy, distribute, adapt, display or include the data in other products for commercial or non-commercial purposes for no cost under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, with the additional terms below.  The basic terms may be accessed here. By using or downloading the data, users are agreeing to comply with the terms of a CC BY 4.0 licence, and also agreeing to the following mandatory and binding additions:

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    – Some datasets and indicators may be provided by third parties, and may not be redistributed or reused without the consent of the original data provider, or may be subject to additional terms and conditions. Where applicable, third party data is labelled as such, and usage conditions can be found on their respective websites.

    Land

    In Mozambique, all land belongs to the Government, therefore, it cannot be sold, pledged, or mortgaged against . Access to land is granted through an official document that concedes the right to use and exploit a specific land or plot, the Land Use and Exploration Rights (Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento de Terra “ DUAT), which is issued to both individuals and companies.

    Mozambique s DUAT system is inflexible and makes land expensive in the informal market, particularly in the expansion areas of the metropolitan part of city. In 2018, the Government approved a new Property Registration Act replacing the previous one in force since 1967. The new law was established to increase the efficiency and quality of public services by installing electronic platforms for notaries and land registry offices as a way of bringing services closer to companies and citizens . On 16 June 2020, the President launched an official hearing to review the national land policy, seeking to adjust it to the current social and economic dynamics and stimulate private investments. However, sole proprietorship of land and natural resources will remain with Government ³.

    With respect to land titling, the government launched the Terra Segura/ Secure Land project in 2015, together with the World Bank and other stakeholders to ensure the massive acquisition of DUAT s (right to use and benefit from land), and under this programme over 470 000 DUAT s have been issued. Mozambique ranks low (7.5) in the World Bank s quality of land administration index, which measures five dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. Overall, Mozambique s global ranking for registering property is 136 out of 190 countries, indicating an environment that is not very conducive for property registration.

    Infrastructure

    Households spend 18 percent of their budgets on transport, and this spend often reflects the distance and accessibility between dwellings and city centres. Poor service delivery is commonly experienced by Mozambique s urban dwellers. More than half of Mozambican households have no access to basic sanitation and electricity services and 44 percent are without access to basic drinking water. While the government s 10-year housing project may improve the availability of land and basic infrastructure, the provision of sufficient and quality services is limited for many households who self-build.

    Of the 23 indicators in this group, 10 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    % of land for residential development acquired from the private sector
    i
    Percentage of land acquired from the private sector by formal developers / contractors for residential developments in urban areas out of all the land that they acquired for residential developments in urban areas.
    Casa Real Casa Real 2020 Not rated Not rated 0.00%
    Total number of residential properties with a title deed
    i
    The total number of residential properties that have a title deed as per the deeds registry.
    Club of Mozambique National 2016
    44,000
    Number of procedures to register residential property Casa Real Casa Real 2020 Not rated Not rated 6
    Name of residential property registration procedure that takes the longest to complete
    i
    The name of the procedure that takes the longest to complete out of all procedures required to register residential property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. Assumptions about time: Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (again except for procedures that can be fully completed online). It is assumed that the buyer does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure available and used by the majority of property owners is chosen. It is assumed that the parties involved are aware of all requirements and their sequence from the beginning. Time spent on gathering information is not considered. If time estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used.
    Casa Real Casa Real 2020 Not rated Not rated Registration of the land title
    Time to register residential property (days)
    i
    The total time taken in days to complete all of the procedures required to register residential property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. Assumptions about time: Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (again except for procedures that can be fully completed online). It is assumed that the buyer does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure available and used by the majority of property owners is chosen. It is assumed that the parties involved are aware of all requirements and their sequence from the beginning. Time spent on gathering information is not considered. If time estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used.
    Casa Real Casa Real 2020 Not rated Not rated 60
    % of residential development projects where developers are paying for bulk infrastructure or the building of roads
    i
    The share of site-based residential development projects in urban areas that are currently ongoing and have not yet been completed where the developer has had to provide bulk infrastructure or build roads. This indicator does not include projects where construction occurred on multiple individual plots in an existing community. Bulk infrastructure includes the provision of electrical and water mains connections to a site/plot. Road building includes all roads built to connect to a municipal roadway.
    Casa Real; Reall Casa Real 2020 Not rated Not rated 100.00%
    % of households without access to improved drinking water services
    i
    The share of households without access to improved drinking water services. According to DHS 7, these include: piped into dwelling piped to yard/plot; public tap/standpipe; piped to neighbour; tube well or borehole; protected well; protected spring; rainwater; tanker truck, cart with small tank; bottled water
    World Bank National 2017
    44.31%
    DHS Bottom 40 2011
    85.85%
    % of households without access to improved sanitation services
    i
    The share of households without access to an improved sanitation facility. According to DHS 7, these include: flush - to piped sewer system; flush - to septic tank; flush - to pit latrine; flush - don't know where; pit latrine - ventilated improved pit (VIP); pit latrine - with slab; composting toilet
    World Bank National 2017
    70.64%
    DHS Bottom 40 2011
    95.60%
    % of households without access to electricity
    i
    The share of households without access to electricity in their dwelling.
    World Bank National 2017
    72.57%
    DHS Bottom 40 2018
    100.00%
    Transport as a % of household expenditure
    i
    Expenditure on transport as a share of total household expenditure.
    National Institute of Statistics National 2020
    18.05%
    Regulated minimum size of a residential plot in urban areas in square meters
    i
    The minimum size of a residential plot in urban areas in square meters as per legislation/regulation.
    - - -
    Smallest residential plot size
    i
    The smallest plot size (in square meters) available in a residential development by a developer / contractor.
    - - -
    Average land costs per m2
    i
    The average cost per square meter of unserviced land that is zoned for residential development in urban areas.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI geographic coverage index score ranking: Africa
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's geographic coverage index within Africa. The geographic coverage index has four components: (1) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (2) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (3) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are mapped; 0 if not. (4) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are mapped; 0 if not. (5) The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater geographic coverage in land ownership registration and cadastral mapping.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI geographic coverage index score ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's geographic coverage index. The geographic coverage index has four components: (1) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (2) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (3) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are mapped; 0 if not. (4) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are mapped; 0 if not. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater geographic coverage in land ownership registration and cadastral mapping.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI quality of land administration index ranking: Africa
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's quality of land administration index within Africa. The quality of land administration index is composed of five other indices: the reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution and equal access to property rights. Data are collected for each economys largest business city.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI quality of land administration index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's quality of land administration index. The quality of land administration index is composed of five other indices: the reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution and equal access to property rights. Data are collected for each economys largest business city.
    - - -
    Cost to register residential property
    i
    The total cost to register residential property as a percentage of the value of the property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. Assumptions about time: Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (again except for procedures that can be fully completed online). It is assumed that the buyer does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure available and used by the majority of property owners is chosen. It is assumed that the parties involved are aware of all requirements and their sequence from the beginning. Time spent on gathering information is not considered. If time estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used. Assumptions about the cost of the property: Cost is recorded as a percentage of the property value, assumed to be equivalent to 50 times income per capita. Only official costs required by law are recorded, including fees, transfer taxes, stamp duties and any other payment to the property registry, notaries, public agencies or lawyers. Other taxes, such as capital gains tax or value added tax (VAT), are excluded from the cost measure. However, in economies where transfer tax can be substituted by VAT, transfer tax will be recorded instead. Both costs borne by the buyer and the seller are included. If cost estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI transparency of information index ranking: Africa
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's transparency of information index within Africa. The transparency of information index has 10 components: (1) Whether information on land ownership is made publicly available. A score of 1 is assigned if information on land ownership is accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (2) Whether the list of documents required for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the list of documents is easily accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (3) Whether the fee schedule for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (4) Whether the immovable property agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver a legally binding document proving property ownership. A score of 0.5 is assigned if such service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (5) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration. A score of 1 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. (6) Whether there are publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the immovable property registration agency in the largest business city. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about property transfers in the largest business city in the past calendar year at the latest on May 1st of the following year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. (7) Whether maps of land plots are made publicly available. A score of 0.5 is assigned if cadastral plans are accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (8) Whether the fee schedule for accessing cadastral plans is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (9) Whether the mapping agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver an updated cadastral plan. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (10) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the mapping agency. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating greater transparency in the land administration system.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI transparency of information index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's transparency of information index. The transparency of information index has 10 components: (1) Whether information on land ownership is made publicly available. A score of 1 is assigned if information on land ownership is accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (2) Whether the list of documents required for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the list of documents is easily accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (3) Whether the fee schedule for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (4) Whether the immovable property agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver a legally binding document proving property ownership. A score of 0.5 is assigned if such service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (5) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration. A score of 1 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. (6) Whether there are publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the immovable property registration agency in the largest business city. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about property transfers in the largest business city in the past calendar year at the latest on May 1st of the following year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. (7) Whether maps of land plots are made publicly available. A score of 0.5 is assigned if cadastral plans are accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (8) Whether the fee schedule for accessing cadastral plans is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (9) Whether the mapping agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver an updated cadastral plan. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (10) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the mapping agency. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating greater transparency in the land administration system.
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    % of households living in dwellings built using durable building materials (walls and roof) with inadequate services
    i
    The share of households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished, but the household does not have access to improved water services, improved sanitation facilities, or electricity. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; cement blocks; covered adobe; wood planks/shingles. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: metal/zinc; wood; calamine/cement fibre; ceramic tiles; cement; roofing shingles. According to DHS 7, improved water services include: piped into dwelling piped to yard/plot; public tap/standpipe; piped to neighbour; tube well or borehole; protected well; protected spring; rainwater; tanker truck, cart with small tank; bottled water. According to DHS 7, improved sanitation facilities include: flush - to piped sewer system; flush - to septic tank; flush - to pit latrine; flush - don't know where; pit latrine - ventilated improved pit (VIP); pit latrine - with slab; composting toilet.
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    World Bank DBI Reliability of infrastructure index ranking: Africa
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's reliability of infrastructure index within Africa. The reliability of infrastructure index has six components: (1) In what format land title certificates are kept at the immovable property registry of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of land title certificates are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (2) Whether there is a comprehensive and functional electronic database for checking all encumbrances, caveats, charges or privileges affecting a registered propertys encumbrances. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (3) In what format cadastral plans are kept at the mapping agency of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of cadastral plans are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (4) Whether there is a geographic information system (a fully digital geographic representation of the land plot) an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing cadastral information. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (5) Whether the land ownership registry and mapping agency are linked. A score of 1 is assigned if information about land ownership and maps is kept in a single database or in linked databases; 0 if there is no connection between different databases. (6) How immovable property is identified. A score of 1 is assigned if both the immovable property registry and the mapping agency use the same identification number for properties; 0 if there are multiple identifiers. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating a higher quality of infrastructure for ensuring the reliability of information on property titles and boundaries.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI Reliability of infrastructure index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's reliability of infrastructure index. The reliability of infrastructure index has six components: (1) In what format land title certificates are kept at the immovable property registry of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of land title certificates are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (2) Whether there is a comprehensive and functional electronic database for checking all encumbrances, caveats, charges or privileges affecting a registered propertys encumbrances. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (3) In what format cadastral plans are kept at the mapping agency of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of cadastral plans are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (4) Whether there is a geographic information system (a fully digital geographic representation of the land plot) an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing cadastral information. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (5) Whether the land ownership registry and mapping agency are linked. A score of 1 is assigned if information about land ownership and maps is kept in a single database or in linked databases; 0 if there is no connection between different databases. (6) How immovable property is identified. A score of 1 is assigned if both the immovable property registry and the mapping agency use the same identification number for properties; 0 if there are multiple identifiers. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating a higher quality of infrastructure for ensuring the reliability of information on property titles and boundaries.
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    Supply

    Most houses are built incrementally, and approximately 80 percent are self-built .

    The œHabita  10-year program was established in 2019 to ensure decent housing solutions to Mozambican households and together with the FFH program aims to build 44 265 houses by 2024, of which 60 percent are to be allocated to the low income segment that earns between MT4 266 (US$60) and MT21 333 (US$301) a month. As part of the same program, the Minister of Public Infrastructure, Housing and Water Resources, Joao Machatine, recently launched the œRenascer  project in Maputo province, district of Manhiça, with the objective of building 300 houses for the low income segment in rural and urban areas of Maputo, Nampula and Cabo-Delgado provinces . The project is estimated at MT240 million (US$3.3 Million) and targets government employees and young people in early career stages. Houses will be built on the land of the beneficiaries, followed by a monthly payment of between MT1 500 (US$21) to MT2 800 (US$40) a month, for 20 years without any interest ³. The project is being implemented in partnership with the city councils and a few districts. In the first phase, 30 low income homes were built for young citizens in the municipality of Manhica: see attached. The second batch of 22 houses were completed in February 2021 in Nampula province: see attached, and there are plans for additional houses to be constructed in Maputo City and Cabo-Delgado Province. Meanwhile in Beira, the municipality is developing a project with the aim of building 25 000 houses in Maraza, on a 400 hectare plot, and construction will be carried out by the private sector, who will invest in affordable housing models for low income households.

    Despite the FFH s objective to provide affordable housing for low income households, many housing projects developed through public private partnerships benefit only the middle and high income segments: see policy, such as the Intaka project and, more recently, Zimpetos Olimpic Vila see attached.

    Data from 2000 showed that 60 percent of construction materials were imported: housing profile pdf. In line with the Constitution, which grants the right to housing ¹, and due to the absence of projects that provide housing for the low income segment, the Government is preparing tax benefits for importing housing construction materials °.

    Investment

    The private sector does not invest in the construction of houses due to high interest rates from the banks, which the Central Bank has had limited success in reducing .

    Of the 19 indicators in this group, 7 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Number of people per sleeping room in formal dwellings
    i
    The number of people per sleeping room in formal dwellings. Sleeping rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. Formal dwellings are defined as dwellings where the main material used for the walls and roof of the dwelling are finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; cement blocks; covered adobe; wood planks/shingles. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: metal/zinc; wood; calamine/cement fibre; ceramic tiles; cement; roofing shingles.
    DHS Urban 2011
    2.15
    Number of people per sleeping room in informal dwellings
    i
    The number of people per sleeping room in informal dwellings. Sleeping rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. Informal dwellings are defined as dwellings where the main material used for the walls or roof of the dwelling are unfinished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; cement blocks; covered adobe; wood planks/shingles. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: metal/zinc; wood; calamine/cement fibre; ceramic tiles; cement; roofing shingles.
    DHS Urban 2011
    2.37
    DHS Bottom 40 2011
    2.67
    Number of households living in dwellings built using durable building materials (walls and roof)
    i
    The number of households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; cement blocks; covered adobe; wood planks/shingles. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: metal/zinc; wood; calamine/cement fibre; ceramic tiles; cement; roofing shingles.
    DHS National 2011
    1,058,250
    % of population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate dwellings
    i
    The percentage of the population that are part of households whose main dwelling meets the criteria of a slum/inadequate/informal dwelling. A household living in a slum/inadequate dwelling/informal settlement is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and durability of housing. As per the UN definition, access to improved water requires the household to have access to: Piped connection to house or plot OR Public stand pipe serving no more than 5 households OR Bore hole OR Protected dug well OR Protected spring OR Rain water collection OR Bottle water (new). As per the UN definition, access to improved sanitation requires the household to have access to: Direct connection to public sewer OR Direct connection to septic tank OR Poor flush latrine OR Ventilated improved pit latrine OR Pit latrine with slab (new). The sufficient living area requirement requires there to be less than 4 people per habitable room in the household's dwelling. Habitable rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. Durability of housing requires the main material of the walls, floor, and roof of the household's dwelling to be finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished floor materials included: parquet or polished wood; vinyl or asphalt strips; ceramic tiles; cement; carpet/rug. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; cement blocks; covered adobe; wood planks/shingles. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: metal/zinc; wood; calamine/cement fibre; ceramic tiles; cement; roofing shingles.
    World Bank Urban 2018 Not rated Not rated 77.20%
    Size of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters
    i
    The size of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters.
    Casa Minha Urban 2019
    65m2
    Cost of standard 50kg bag of cement
    i
    The wholesale price of a standard 50kg bag of OPC cement in local currency units. The strength class of the OPC cement should be 32.5N.
    Future Africa National 2018
    610 MZ$8.59
    Time (in days) from application to completion for dwellings in the main urban city
    i
    The median number of days (inclusive of weekends and public holidays) between the issuance of a building construction permit and the issuance of an occupancy permit for residential dwellings. A building construction permit provides developers / contractors with permission to commence construction on the proposed site / development. An occupancy permit provides certifies the dwelling as habitable.
    Stefanutti Stocks Maputo 2019 Not rated Not rated 150
    % of households living in dwellings built using durable building materials (walls and roof) that are overcrowded
    i
    The percentage of households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished and the dwelling is overcrowded. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. An overcrowded dwelling is one where there are more than two people per sleeping room. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement; stone with lime/cement; bricks; cement blocks; covered adobe; wood planks/shingles. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: metal/zinc; wood; calamine/cement fibre; ceramic tiles; cement; roofing shingles.
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    Number of dwellings completed annually
    i
    The number of new residential units completed per annum for which occupancy permits have been issued.
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    Gross fixed capital formation of dwellings as % of GDP
    i
    The value of capital invested in the formation of dwellings as a percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product.
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    Residential rental sector as a % of GDP
    i
    The value of the rental sector as a percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product.
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    Residential construction sector as a % of GDP
    i
    The value of the construction sector as a percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product.
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    Is there a body that organises developers / contractors?
    i
    A "Yes" or "No" answer whether or not a body exists that organises developers / contractors.
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    Number of formal private developers / contractors serving the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The total number of registered private developers or contractors that build dwellings affordable to the bottom-end of the market. Registered private developers / contractors refers to businesses that are privately owned (not owned by government) and have a valid business/operating permit/license. From a buying perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the price of the dwellings to be such that the bottom end of the market (calculation methodology to be determined) can afford to purchase it at market borrowing terms or the terms offered by the developer/accessible through the developer. From a rental perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the rental price of the dwellings built by the developer / contractor to be such that the monthly rent-to-income ratio of the dwelling does not exceed 30% of bottom end of market household incomes.
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    Number of people employed in the residential construction sector
    i
    The number of people employed in the residential construction sector as per CAHF's HEVC methodology.
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    Number of people employed in the residential rental sector
    i
    The number of people employed in the residential rental sector as per CAHF's HEVC methodology.
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    Number of completed developer built dwellings that are accessible to the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The total dwellings completed in the last calendar year that are affordable to the bottom-end of the market (calculation methodology to be determined). Completed dwellings are dwellings for which occupancy permits have been issued. From a buying perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the price of the dwellings to be such that the bottom-end of the market households can afford to purchase it at market borrowing terms or the terms offered by the developer/accessible through the developer. From a rental perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the rental price of the dwellings built by the developer / contractor to be such that the monthly rent-to-income ratio of the dwelling does not exceed 30% of the bottom-end of the market household incomes.
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    Average residential building cost inflation for dwellings over 5 years
    i
    The average annual residential building cost inflation for dwellings over five consecutive years.
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    Total cost of all residential construction permit-related procedures
    i
    The total cost of all permits (in local currency units) required for the construction of a residential dwelling and declaring it fit for occupancy. Assumptions about the developer/contractor, dwelling to be built, and water & sewerage connections: The developer is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with the local association of architects or engineers. The developer is not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed experts, such as geological or topographical experts. The developer owns the land on which the dwelling will be built and will sell the dwelling upon its completion. The dwelling will be used for residential purposes only. The dwelling will have a single storey, above ground, with a total constructed area of approximately XX square meters. The single storey will be XX meters high and will be located on a land plot of approximately XX square meters that is 100% owned by the developer. The dwelling is valued at XX times income per capita. The dwelling will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted as procedures. The dwelling will take XX weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and regulatory requirements). The water and sewerage connections of the dwelling will be XX meters from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be installed or built. The water connection for the dwelling will be XX inch in diameter and the sewerage connection for the dwelling will be XX inches in diameter.
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    Property Markets

    Nationally, ninety percent of the Mozambican population own a house, and only 6 percent live in rental housing . At city level though, the demand for rental is significant, with over 23 percent of Maputo’s households (approximately 54 000 households) renting a house in 2017. While most of the population cannot afford the costs associated with buying an adequate house, the rental market is typically dominated by high income individuals, mainly investors and expatriates.

    Apart from the Fundo Para O Fomento De Habita £o (FFH), created in 1995 with the objective to make housing affordable for all social segments, there are few legally established housing providers. There are public private partnerships dedicated to the construction of houses, and agents that undertake the selling and rental process, however, most households rely on self-construction. The Government, through the FFH, designed several housing projects but only a few were implemented (such as the Intaka and Vila Olmpica projects) and mostly benefited the middle and high income class. The Zintava apartments cost MT3.6 million (US$51 000) and MT4.2 million (US$60 000) . The FFH has built 4 017 houses and divided 13 176 plots ³.

    Mortgages

    Currently Mozambique has 19 banks, eight microbanks, eight credit cooperatives, three electronic money institutions, one financial lease institution and one investment company see attached. The Central Bank data from June 2020 shows that the Mozambique International Bank (BIM), Commercial and Investment Bank (BCI) and Standard Bank have a combined share of 66 percent. Despite the expansion of financial services and the number of banks operating in the country, financial inclusion remains a challenge. Data from the 2019 FinScope Consumer Survey shows that 79 percent of the population does not have a bank account, of which 22 percent have access to financial services through non-banking mechanisms, 11 percent rely on informal mechanisms and 46 percent are completely excluded Mozambique Survey. Most banks have a housing credit line, which includes the options of purchase, rehabilitation and construction, but this mainly benefits middle and high income groups, mostly made up of government and bank employees. Mortgage market growth has been low (accounting for less than a percent of GDP), and in 2017 housing finance was only 2.97 percent of the total loan book: housing profile.

    Mortgages are typically long-term with maturity of 12 to 25 years. Clients must have a down payment of 10 to 30 percent (typically 20 percent), and normal interest rates for housing loans vary from 16 to 23 percent. In 2020, the prevailing mortgage rate was 20 percent. These high rates from commercial banks on housing loans are linked to an inherent market risk and therefore the banks proceed with caution, effectively excluding the majority of low income households from accessing the formal housing finance market. Mozambique is estimated to have only 600 outstanding mortgages. Those with formal employment and income that qualify for banking loans often opt for short term loans capped at MT1 500 000 (US$21 210), and up to a five year term, with an interest rate of 16 to 27 percent. Despite the amount being enough to build a modest house, very few people have the capacity to pay for such a loan as loan payments cannot be higher than 30 percent of the borrower or household income.

    Central Bank data shows that, despite the impact of the pandemic on the economy, the amount of housing credit by private banks reduced by only one percent between the first half of 2019 and the same period in 2020, from MT50 210 793 (US$709 994) and MT49 829 754 (US$704 606) respectively : see link. Disaggregated data on credit for construction, purchase or rehabilitation of housing is not available.

    Affordability

    The FinScope Survey showed that most of the adult population (52 percent) had a monthly income below MT5 000 (US$80). The Survey also stated that 19 percent of the adult population worked in agriculture: Consumer Survery, which is the sector with the lowest minimum wage, at MT4 390 (US$62) compared to MT12 760 (US$181) in banking and insurance. The average price of the cheapest, newly built house, MT700 700 (US$10 000), is affordable to 4% percent of urban households through widely available finance products, and is constructed by Reall partner, Casa Real, in Beira. However, Casa Reals tenant purchase scheme significantly widens the population that these homes are affordable to. This is compared to a typical price of what is considered a relatively affordable home in Mozambique, MT2 659 000 (US$37 947), which is affordable to only 1.5% of the population. Houses built under the FFHâ s Intaka Project are also costly and unaffordable, with an average price of MT2.6 million (US$37 000).

    Of the 40 indicators in this group, 12 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor
    i
    The price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor in local currency units.
    Casa Minha Urban 2016
    3,418,491 MZ$48,147.76
    % of households that own their dwelling
    i
    The share of households that claim to own their dwelling.
    DHS National 2011
    64.02%
    DHS Bottom 40 2011
    76.68%
    Number of formal estate agents
    i
    The total number of registered real estate agents that are subject to regulatory oversight.
    National Institute of Statistics National 2015
    283
    Value of residential mortgages outstanding as % of GDP
    i
    The value of outstanding residential mortgages in local currency units at the end of a calendar year as a share of nominal GDP in local currency units.
    Bank of Mozambique; World Bank National 2019
    0.69%
    Maximum residential mortgage term
    i
    The maximum term in years on residential mortgages offered by registered/licensed mortgage providers.
    ABSA Bank, BancABC, FNB Moz, Standard Bank National 2019
    30
    % of the adult population that borrowed formally
    i
    The share of individuals aged 15+ that borrowed from formal financial institutions. The definition of formal financial institution is as used by the Global Findex database encompasses all types of financial institutions that offer deposit, checking, and savings accounts (including banks, credit unions, Microfinance institutions, and post offices) and that fall under prudential regulation by a government body. The definition does not include nonbank financial institutions such as pension funds, retirement accounts, insurance companies, or equity holdings such as stocks.
    World Bank National 2017
    5.00%
    Income distribution thresholds
    i
    This indicator contains the income levels (in local currency units) that cuts the income distribution of the country's into deciles.
    Reall National 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Does a foreclosure policy exist?
    i
    Asks whether or not a foreclosure procedure exists.
    World Bank National 2019 Not rated Not rated Yes
    Number of end-user finance loans disbursed or mobilised for purchases of dwellings in the previous calendar year
    i
    The total number of end-user finance loans that a developer/contractor disbursed to clients (directly or indirectly) in a calendar year for the purposes of purchasing a completed dwelling. Direct disbursement includes all loans where the developer provides the financing directly. Indirect disbursement includes all loans where the developer has brokered a formal arrangement with a financial institution so that the financial institution can provide end-user financing to the developer's clients.
    Reall Casa Real 2019 Not rated Not rated 2
    Number of residential mortgage providers
    i
    The number of residential mortgage providers. Each provider should be registered with, or licensed by, the Central Bank/financial regulator and one of their financing offerings must be residential mortgage loans.
    Bank of Mozambique National 2018
    17
    Prevailing residential mortgage rates
    i
    The minimum and maximum interest rates on residential mortgages.
    Mozambican Association of Banks; Absa Bank National 2019
    17.75%
    % of households that can afford the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor
    i
    The share of households that can afford to buy the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor based on assumptions around financing terms and the instalment to income ratio. These assumptions are as follows: (1) the mortgage rate is equal to the maximum residential mortgage rate (see indicator Maximum residential mortgage rate); (2) the mortgage term is equal to the maximum mortgage term (see indicator Maximum residential mortgage term), (3) the LTV is equal to the maximum LTV on a residential mortgage (see indicator Maximum LTV on a residential mortgage), (4) the instalment to income ratio is equal to the maximum instalment to income ratio (see indicator Maximum instalment to income ratio). This indicator assumes that households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria, the repayment schedule is at the beginning of the month, the affordability relates to the annuity mortgage (not interest only), there are no balloon repayments.
    CAHF; G-GIDD Urban 2019
    1.23%
    Average inflation for dwellings over 5 years
    i
    The average annual percentage change in the sales prices of completed residential dwellings over 5 years.
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    % of households with female or joint ownership of a dwelling
    i
    The share of households where a female member of the households owns their main dwelling or any other dwelling either outright or jointly with someone else.
    - - -
    % of households with female ownership of a dwelling
    i
    The share of households where a female member of the households owns their main dwelling or any other dwelling outright.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI equal access to property rights index ranking: Africa
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's equal access to property rights index within Africa. The equal access to property rights index has two components: (1) Whether unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. (2) Whether married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. Ownership rights cover the ability to manage, control, administer, access, encumber, receive, dispose of and transfer property. Each restriction is considered if there is a differential treatment for men and women in the law considering the default marital property regime. For customary land systems, equality is assumed unless there is a general legal provision stating a differential treatment. The index ranges from -2 to 0, with higher values indicating greater inclusiveness of property rights.
    - - -
    World Bank DBI equal access to property rights index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's equal access to property rights index. The equal access to property rights index has two components: (1) Whether unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. (2) Whether married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. Ownership rights cover the ability to manage, control, administer, access, encumber, receive, dispose of and transfer property. Each restriction is considered if there is a differential treatment for men and women in the law considering the default marital property regime. For customary land systems, equality is assumed unless there is a general legal provision stating a differential treatment. The index ranges from -2 to 0, with higher values indicating greater inclusiveness of property rights.
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    Typical rental price for cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor
    i
    The typical rental price per month in local currency units for a dwelling that matches the price and size characteristics provided by the "Price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters" and "Size of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters" indicators.
    - - -
    % of households that rent their dwelling
    i
    The share of households that claim to rent their dwelling.
    - - -
    Resale transactions as a % of all residential transactions
    i
    The number of residential resale transactions as a share of all residential transactions. A resale refers to any home that has been previously owned. In other words, all residential properties other than newly constructed ones.
    - - -
    Number of new residential transfers
    i
    The total number of residential transactions in a given calendar year where the dwelling is classified as a new build.
    - - -
    Number of residential resale transactions
    i
    The total number of residential resale transactions in a given calendar year. A resale refers to any home that has been previously owned. In other words, all residential properties other than newly constructed ones.
    - - -
    Number of residential transfers financed with a mortgage
    i
    The total number of residential property transfers that were financed with a mortgage.
    - - -
    Does government or industry publish any data on land prices in the main urban centre?
    i
    Asks whether or not there are any publications by government and/or industry that contain data on land prices in the main urban centre.
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    World Bank DBI land dispute resolution index ranking: Africa
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's land dispute resolution index within Africa. The land dispute resolution index assesses the legal framework for immovable property registration and the accessibility of dispute resolution mechanisms. The index has eight components: (1) Whether the law requires that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable property registry to make them opposable to third parties. A score of 1.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (2) Whether the formal system of immovable property registration is subject to a guarantee. A score of 0.5 is assigned if either a state or private guarantee over immovable property registration is required by law; 0 if no such guarantee is required. (3) Whether there is a specific, out-of-court compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry. A score of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (4) Whether the legal system requires verification of the legal validity of the documents (such as the sales, transfer or conveyance deed) necessary for a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a review of legal validity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no review. (5) Whether the legal system requires verification of the identity of the parties to a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is verification of identity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no verification. (6) Whether there is a national database to verify the accuracy of government-issued identity documents. A score of 1 is assigned if such a national database is available; 0 if not. (7) How much time it takes to obtain a decision from a court of first instance (without an appeal) in a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights worth 50 times income per capita and located in the largest business city. A score of 3 is assigned if it takes less than one year; 2 if it takes between one and two years; 1 if it takes between two and three years; 0 if it takes more than three years. (8) Whether there are publicly available statistics on the number of land disputes at the economy level in the first instance court. For the 11 economies where the data are also collected for the second largest business city, city-level statistics are taken into account. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about land disputes in the economy in the past calendar year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater protection against land disputes.
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    World Bank DBI land dispute resolution index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's land dispute resolution index. The land dispute resolution index assesses the legal framework for immovable property registration and the accessibility of dispute resolution mechanisms. The index has eight components: (1) Whether the law requires that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable property registry to make them opposable to third parties. A score of 1.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (2) Whether the formal system of immovable property registration is subject to a guarantee. A score of 0.5 is assigned if either a state or private guarantee over immovable property registration is required by law; 0 if no such guarantee is required. (3) Whether there is a specific, out-of-court compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry. A score of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (4) Whether the legal system requires verification of the legal validity of the documents (such as the sales, transfer or conveyance deed) necessary for a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a review of legal validity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no review. (5) Whether the legal system requires verification of the identity of the parties to a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is verification of identity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no verification. (6) Whether there is a national database to verify the accuracy of government-issued identity documents. A score of 1 is assigned if such a national database is available; 0 if not. (7) How much time it takes to obtain a decision from a court of first instance (without an appeal) in a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights worth 50 times income per capita and located in the largest business city. A score of 3 is assigned if it takes less than one year; 2 if it takes between one and two years; 1 if it takes between two and three years; 0 if it takes more than three years. (8) Whether there are publicly available statistics on the number of land disputes at the economy level in the first instance court. For the 11 economies where the data are also collected for the second largest business city, city-level statistics are taken into account. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about land disputes in the economy in the past calendar year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater protection against land disputes.
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    Value of formal housing finance issued per annum
    i
    The value of residential mortgages issued in a calendar year by licensed/registered residential mortgage providers in local currency units.
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    Value of formal housing finance outstanding
    i
    The value of outstanding residential mortgages in local currency units at the end of a calendar year for residential mortgages issued by licensed/registered residential mortgage providers.
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    Mortgages as a % of properties
    i
    The total number of outstanding residential mortgages as a share of residential properties that have a title deed
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    Highest LTV on a residential mortgage
    i
    The regulatory maximum residential mortgage loan-to-value (LTV) ratio set by the central bank. If there is no maximum residential mortgage LTV set by the central bank then use the maximum residential LTV accepted/offered by registered/licensed residential mortgage providers.
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    Is there a regulatory cap on residential mortgage interest rates?
    i
    Asks whether or not regulation exists that places a ceiling on the residential mortgage interest rate
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    Number of residential mortgage providers that serve the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The number of residential mortgage providers. Each provider should be registered with, or licensed by, the Central Bank/financial regulator and one of their financing offerings must be residential mortgage loans.
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    Number of residential mortgages issued per annum
    i
    The number of residential mortgages issued in a calendar year by licensed/registered residential mortgage providers.
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    Number of residential mortgages or formal loans provided to the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The number of residential mortgages issued in a calendar year by licensed/registered residential mortgage providers plus the number of or other formal loans issued by licensed financial service providers within a calendar year where the borrower is from the bottom-end of the market.
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    Number of residential mortgages outstanding
    i
    The number of residential mortgages outstanding on the books of registered/licensed residential mortgage providers.
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    Non-performing residential mortgages as a % of total outstanding residential mortgages
    i
    The ratio of non-performing residential mortgages to total outstanding residential mortgages (volume not value) at the end of the financial year.
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    Does an operational mortgage refinancing company exist?
    i
    Asks whether or not a mortgage refinance company exists and is operational in the country.
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    % of households that can afford cheapest partner dwelling
    i
    The share of households that can afford to but the cheapest partner dwelling based on assumptions around financing terms. These assumptions are as follows: (1) the mortgage rate is equal to the maximum residential mortgage rate (see indicator 'Maximum residential mortgage rate'); (2) the mortgage term is equal to the maximum mortgage term (see indicator 'Maximum residential mortgage term'), (3) the LTV is equal to the maximum LTV on a residential mortgage (see indicator 'Maximum LTV on a residential mortgage'), (4) the instalment to income ratio is equal to the maximum instalment to income ratio (see indicator 'Maximum instalment to income ratio'). This indicator assumes that households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria.
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    Maximum dwelling price affordable to B40 households based on market mortgage finance terms
    i
    The maximum dwelling price affordable to B40 households based on market mortgage finance terms. This indicator assumes that B40 households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria. The market mortgage financing terms are as follows: (1) the mortgage rate is equal to the maximum residential mortgage rate (see indicator 'Maximum residential mortgage rate'), (2) the mortgage term is equal to the maximum mortgage term (see indicator 'Maximum residential mortgage term'), (3) the LTV is equal to the maximum LTV on a residential mortgage (see indicator 'Maximum LTV on a residential mortgage'), (4) the instalment to income ratio is equal to the maximum instalment to income ratio (see indicator 'Maximum instalment to income ratio'). This indicator assumes that households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria.
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    Maximum dwelling rent affordable to B40 households
    i
    The maximum dwelling rental affordable to B40 households based on the maximum installment to income ratio.
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    Most of Mozambiqueâ s low income population do not have access to finance due to the absence of assets and property in their name to be used as collateral, along with the absence of steady, long term employment. Although unsecured microcredit supports the incremental construction process of low income households, overall the loan amounts of Mozambiqueâ s eight microbanks and microfinance institutions (MFIâ s) are low and mainly channelled to rehabilitation or construction of houses, and require other guarantees apart from the house, with a maturity of six months to three years. MFIâ s also have higher rates than commercial banks. Improvements to dwellings is only one percent of household expenditure, and given poor housing conditions in Mozambiqueâ s main cities, this signals the limited resources at the disposable of most Mozambicans.

    Of the 6 indicators in this group, 3 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Improvements to dwellings as a % of household expenditure
    i
    Household expenditure on improvements to dwellings in current local currency units as a share of total household expenditure in current local currency units. Expenditure on improvements to dwellings include: additions and alterations; labour and material for improvements, additions, and alterations; services for improvements, additions, and alterations; building materials for improvements, additions, and alterations; security structures.
    National Institute of Statistics National 2020
    1.12%
    % of households without access to basic waste collection services
    i
    The share of households without access to basic waste collection services. Basic waste collection services are defined as a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. The collection service must be either door-to-door or deposit into a community container. The collection includes recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). The waste must be collection must be reliable (i.e. regular) - the frequency will depend on country/municipality specific conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste.
    National Institute of Statistics National 2017
    23.05%
    Number of microfinance providers
    i
    The number of registered microfinance providers subject to prudential regulation/government oversight.
    Bank of Mozambique National 2020
    616
    Number of approved building permit applications for improvements to residential properties
    i
    The number of approved permit applications for improvements to residential properties.
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    Number of residential properties that are rated for property taxes in the main urban centre
    i
    The number of residential properties that are rated for property taxes in the main urban centres
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    Value of outstanding microfinance loans
    i
    The value of microfinance loans outstanding in current local currency units.
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    In Mozambique, providing housing to the low income population is part of the fundamental housing policy strategy. However, in reality, most of the population is excluded due to high costs and strict requirements to access finance. There is no housing market platform where financiers, promoters, builders, brokers and clients meet and interact. Real estate activities are concentrated in the capital, and housing is mostly available to middle and high income households.

    Mozambiqueâ s Human Development Indexâ s global rank is 181 out of 189, putting it in the low human development category. The countryâ s 2020 Ease of Doing Business score of 55.0 places it at 138th of 190 countries, though this is an improvement from 2019, when it scored 54.6.

    In northern Mozambique (Cabo Delgado), terrorist attacks continue to severely impact the population. This insurgency is linked to the discovery of offshore gas, which is important for increasing growth prospects in Northern cities (Tete, Pemba, and Nampula). In many districts, houses have been burned, and people beheaded and abducted. This has resulted in destruction and displacement . Over the past two years, the attacks have resulted in the deaths of at least 700 people and caused a humanitarian crisis impacting 211 000 people . This scenario accentuates the housing deficit in the country.

    Of the 6 indicators in this group, 2 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Human development index (HDI) country ranking: Global
    i
    The ranking of the country's Human Development Index Score globally. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.
    UNDP National 2017 Not rated Not rated 180
    Ease of doing business index rank: Global
    i
    The ranking of the country's Ease of Doing Business Score globally. The ease of doing business score measures an economys performance with respect to a measure of regulatory best practice across the entire sample of 41 indicators for 10 Doing Business topics (the employing workers and contracting with the government indicators are excluded). See https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/methodology for a detailed description of the methodology.
    World Bank National 2019 Not rated Not rated 74
    Human development index (HDI) country ranking: Africa
    i
    The ranking of the country's Human Development Index Score within Africa. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.
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    Ease of doing business index rank: Africa
    i
    The ranking of the country's Ease of Doing Business Score within Africa. The ease of doing business score measures an economys performance with respect to a measure of regulatory best practice across the entire sample of 41 indicators for 10 Doing Business topics (the employing workers and contracting with the government indicators are excluded). See https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/methodology for a detailed description of the methodology.
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    Corruption perceptions index rank: Africa
    i
    The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions by business people and country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector.
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    Corruption perceptions index rank: Global
    i
    The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions by business people and country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector.
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    Mozambique is a developing country located in Southern Africa, with approximately 50 percent of the population living below the poverty line. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (US$503) has remained steady in recent years, as has its unemployment rate of 25 percent.

    Over the past four years, the Mozambican economy has not had satisfactory growth when compared to 2015, when the annual growth rate was at eight percent, mainly driven by the exploitation of natural resources, specifically natural gas and mineral coal. Between 2016 and 2019, the annual growth rate was three percent a year , which was one of the lowest ever recorded. With the impact of COVID-19, the Central Bank (Bank of Mozambique) expects an annual growth rate of under 2.2 percent (registered in 2019) but does expect a recovery from 2021 . On 30 March 2020, Mozambique declared a State of Emergency for 30 days as part of a series of measures to contain the pandemic, and extended the period several times. A lockdown was not enacted. To reduce the impact of the pandemic on the economy, and also to maintain control over consumer prices, the Central Bank adjusted the policy rate and the prime rate in line with the economic outlook and inflation. The current rates are 10.25 (from 11.25 percent) and 15.9 percent respectively ³. Inflation was 2.78% in 2020 and expected to remain at a single digit in 2021: see link.

    The Central Bank made a line of credit of US$500 million available to commercial banks to reduce the impact of the pandemic. In addition, it also reduced the commercial banks statutory reserves for default loans: see link. Through the National Investment Bank (BNI), the Government launched the BNI COVID-19, a funding program with preferential rates for small and medium enterprises affected by the pandemic. The interest rates vary from five to 12 percent and are lower than commercial bank rates of 18 to 21 percent: see link.

    Of the 14 indicators in this group, 9 are currently populated.

     

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    GDP growth rate
    i
    The annual percentage change in the value of real GDP.
    World Bank National 2018 Not rated Not rated 3.43%
    Unemployment rate
    i
    The narrow unemployment rate. The narrow unemployed are those of working age that are without work (i.e. have not been classified as employed); are currently available for work (either paid employment or self-employment during the reference period); and are seeking work i.e. have taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. The narrow labour force are those of working age that are classified as employed as well as the narrow unemployed. The narrow unemployment rate is given by: (narrow unemployed)/(narrow labour force).
    UNDP National 2017 Not rated Not rated 25.00%
    % of population below national poverty line
    i
    The percentage of the population living below the national poverty lines. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.
    World Bank National 2018 Not rated Not rated 46.10%
    GDP per capita
    i
    The value of GDP in current local currency units divided by the size of the population.
    World Bank National 2018 Not rated Not rated 30,772 MZ$433.41
    Gini coefficient index
    i
    Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
    UNDP National 2017 Not rated Not rated 45.70
    Yield on 10-year government bonds
    i
    The yield on government bonds/bills that are set to mature in 10 years.
    HOFINET National 2016 Not rated Not rated 9.00%
    USD Exchange rate (1 USD = x LCU)
    i
    The number of local currency units per USD at the end of the year.
    Bank of Mozambique National 2020 Not rated Not rated 71
    PPP conversion factor for private consumption
    i
    Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that controls for price level differences between countries, thereby allowing volume comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) and its expenditure components. This conversion factor is for household final consumption expenditure.
    World Bank National 2018 Not rated Not rated 21
    % of individuals aged 15-49 that have not worked in the past 12 months
    i
    The percentage of individuals aged 15-49 that have not worked in the past 12 months and are not currently attending school.
    World Bank; DHS Bottom 40 2011
    29.76%
    GDP per capita in current local currency units growth rate
    i
    The annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency.
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    Inflation rate (CPI)
    i
    The annual percentage change in the general price level.
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    Yield on 2-year government bonds
    i
    The yield on government bonds/bills that are set to mature in 2 years.
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    % of females aged 15-49 that have not worked in the past 12 months
    i
    The percentage of females aged 15-49 that have not worked in the past 12 months and are not currently attending school.
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    Government construction of dwellings and serviced stands as a % of national budget
    i
    The share of the government's budget (actual expenditure, not estimated expenditure) allocated to the construction of residential dwellings.
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    Mozambique has a population of approximately 30 million people (a 33 percent increase over the last 10 years). Nationally, there are approximately 6.3 million households in Mozambique, and of these, 38 percent make up urban households. The average household size has not changed significantly over the last ten years – the average household size was 4.4 in 2017, compared to 4.8 in 2007. Mozambiqueâ s urbanisation rate (4.4 percent) is higher than that of the Southern African region (3.1 percent) as a whole. The countryâ s urbanisation and population growth rates (2.9 percent) continue to put pressure on housing needs.

    Of the 7 indicators in this group, all are populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Number of households
    i
    The total number of households. A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and share meals.
    C-GIDD National 2019 Not rated Not rated 6,389,018
    C-GIDD Urban 2019 Not rated Not rated 2,407,279
    Average household size
    i
    The average number of household members. A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and share meals.
    The DHS Program National 2011 Not rated Not rated 4.64
    DHS Bottom 40 2011
    4.21
    Population size
    i
    The size of the population.
    World Bank National 2018 Not rated Not rated 29,495,962
    DHS Bottom 40 2011 Not rated Not rated 9,674,995
    World Population Review Maputo 2020 Not rated Not rated 1,191,613
    Population growth rate
    i
    The annual percentage change in the size of the population.
    World Bank National 2018 Not rated Not rated 2.91%
    World Bank Urban 2019 Not rated Not rated 4.40%
    Population pyramid
    i
    A collection of data points that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, broken down by sex, for a given year.
    PopulationPyramid.net National 2019 Not rated Not rated Populated
    World Bank; DHS Bottom 40 2011
    Populated
    Country income pyramid
    i
    A collection of data points that shows the number of households whose total annual income falls within different brackets.
    C-GIDD National 2019
    Populated
    List of main urban centres
    i
    The names of urban centres that are of interest in a specific country.
    CAHF National 2020 Not rated Not rated Maputo, Beira, Nampula

    Documents

    Mozambique MSI Country Profile

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    Mozambique Data Landscape Report

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    MSI Metadata Document

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