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Pakistan - Market Shaping Indicators

View Reall projects in Pakistan

In Pakistan, Reall took the Market Shaping Indicators framework developed with the Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAHF) and worked with Impetus Advisory Group to adapt it for the Pakistani context. The data on narrative on this page is a result of this work, which was conducted in the cities of Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Quetta, and Peshawar, accounting for 15% of the total population of Pakistan.

Implementing the MSI framework forms a core part of Realls strategy in Pakistan, which involves investing in 6,500 affordable homes, enabling 1.2 million people to access housing finance, and promoting policy and regulatory change positively impacting 0.8 million people.

Country Overview

In recent years, Pakistan has witnessed a nation-wide housing crisis. Between the 1998 and 2017 national censuses, the countrys population increased by 57%, while the increase in urban population was 75.6% . This increase has created an urban housing demand of up to 350,000 houses per annum, 87% of which is from lower-middle income groups. In contrast, the supply of urban housing is restricted to only 150,000 houses per annum, creating a shortfall of 200,000 per annum that gets further compounded year-on-year, leading to inflationary pressure on property prices.

Traditionally, housing development projects have a higher incentive to focus on upscale urban housing, owing to the larger margins in transactions, and tend to deprioritize urban dwellings that would cater to the Bottom 40% of the income pyramid (B40). Recent efforts by the government to mandate developers to allocate a minimum percentage of housing projects to affordable dwellings for the B40 have produced limited results “ as housing permits are still issued by the regulator without due consideration to this important requirement. Furthermore, without government subsidies on land purchase, lower-middle income groups, a large slum population in the form of katchi abadis exist and are upheld within Pakistan. These urban slums are built on government land or agricultural land and they currently serve approximately a quarter of the total unmet demand for affordable housing. Moreover, 40 % of these slums are constructed through further densification of inner-city areas .

According to the 2019 “ 2020 Pakistan Economic Survey, the real estate and construction sectors employ a combined 8% of the total labour force in the country, making it the fourth largest employer . Despite its growing role in the local economy, the real estate sector is marked by a lack of accurate information, regulatory oversight, innovative investment and financing methods/products, along with an archaic bureaucratic processes. The local property market is highly volatile and data reveals strong inflationary trends in urban real estate prices. According to zameen.com , nationwide house prices (in nominal terms) rose by 5.05% to PKR 10,875 per square feet (sq. ft) during Q1 of 2019. However, when adjusted for inflation over the same period, house prices dropped by 3.98%.

State of Housing Data

Despite being one of Pakistans cornerstones of local investment and urban employment, the traditional real estate sector is still not sufficiently documented. Policymakers are unaware of the true costs and revenues realized by local development agencies, with most residential land undervalued in sale documentation to evade applicable taxes. Concurrently, construction firms and developers rely more on market speculation than end-user utility when designing and launching real estate projects. This information asymmetry across policymakers, developers, financiers, and end-users creates arbitrage opportunities and encourages price inflation in residential land. Information is the true currency of the real estate market in Pakistan and is closely guarded by the markets agents. Not surprisingly, accurate, relevant, and credible data on land prices, construction costs and housing units is rare and limited.

As a subset of the larger real estate landscape, affordable housing is no exception to this state of data availability and accessibility. Household surveys and censuses rarely reference affordable housing as a domain of interest when collecting citizen data, and policy makers are usually restricted to project-specific, supply-side data only. Latent information on affordable housing metrics can be gleaned from a few official databases collected by the national and provincial bureaus of statistics, and a few private real estate brokerage houses have internal databases of relevance. However, data accessibility is still an issue for private datasets, as these data are rarely accessible nor open for dissemination to a wider audience.

Key Indicators

Displayed In

1. Land and Infrastructure

% of urban bottom 40 households without access to basic sanitation services

2.75

Bottom 40 See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2012 DHS 96.5%
Ghana 2014 DHS 93.15%
Kenya 2014 DHS 88.25%
Morocco 2004 DHS 52.05%
Mozambique 2011 DHS 95.6%
Nigeria 2018 DHS 83.1%
Tanzania 2017 DHS 37%
Uganda 2016 DHS 94.5%
Rwanda 2016 National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) 13.13%
Pakistan 2018 The DHS Program 2.75%
India 2018 NSSO 76th Round 0.2%

2. Construction and Investment

% of urban population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate dwellings

Close
Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire N/A
Ghana N/A
Kenya N/A
Morocco N/A
Mozambique N/A
Nigeria N/A
Tanzania N/A
Uganda N/A
Rwanda 2018 World Bank 42.1%
Pakistan N/A
India 2018 NSSO 76th Round 35%

3. Sales and Rental

Number of residential mortgages outstanding

58,620

National See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Kenya 2019 Central Bank of Kenya 27,993
Nigeria 2019 NMRC 32,260
Tanzania 2019 Bank of Tanzania and Tanzania Mortgage Refinance Company Limited 5,460
Rwanda 2020 National Bank of Rwanda (NBR) 44,177
Pakistan 2019 State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review 58,620
India 2020 Reserve Bank of India 9,817,180

3. Sales and Rental

Price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor

2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33

Urban See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2018 Site d'annonce et promotion dans l'immobilier en Côte d'Ivoire 15,500,000 CFA$27,087.48
Ghana 2019 Damax Construction Co. Ltd 108,704 GH₵$19,621.66
Kenya 2019 Tsavo Real Estate 4,000,000 Ksh$37,037.04
Morocco 2019 Various real estate websites 250,000 DH$27,027.03
Mozambique 2016 Casa Minha 3,418,491 MZ$48,147.76
Nigeria 2019 Millard Fuller Foundation; Shelter Origins 2,900,000 NGN$7,651.72
Tanzania 2018 CAHF 37,966,107 TZS$16,508.58
Uganda 2019 Various property developers 125,000,000 UGX$34,097.11
Rwanda 2020 Marchal Real Estate Developers 10,000,000 R₣$11,119.14
Pakistan 2021 Partners 2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33
India 2022 Real estate websites and industry experts 160,000 IN₹$2,176.87

3. Sales and Rental

% of national households that rent their dwelling

11.53

National See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Ghana 2017 Ghana Statistical Service 28%
Kenya 2019 Central Bank of Kenya, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, FSD Kenya 35.01%
Morocco 2014 High Commission for Planning; World Bank 18.5%
Nigeria 2018 World Bank; Nigeria National Bureau of Statistics 21.8%
Tanzania 2017 National Bureau of Statistics 80.56%
Uganda 2016 DHS 53.45%
Rwanda 2020 Access to Finance Rwanda (AFR) and National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) 8.94%
Pakistan 2017 Population and Housing Census 11.53%
India 2018 NSSO 76th Round 13%

5. Enabling Environment

Ease of Doing Business Index Rank: Global

108 out of 190

National See all MSI countries
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Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2020 World Bank 110
Ghana 2020 World Bank 118
Kenya 2019 World Bank Ease of Doing Business 61
Morocco 2020 World Bank 53
Mozambique 2019 World Bank 74
Nigeria 2020 World Bank 131
Tanzania 2020 World Bank 141
Uganda 2020 World Bank 116
Rwanda 2020 World Bank Ease of Doing Business Indicators 38 out of 190
Pakistan 2020 World Bank Doing Business Indicator 108 out of 190
India 2020 World Bank 63 out of 190

6. Economic Environment

GDP Per Capita

188,900 PKR$1,080.91

National See all MSI countries
Close
Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2018 World Bank 1,024,171 CFA$1,789.82
Ghana 2019 World Bank 11,489 GH₵$2,073.83
Kenya 2018 World Bank 173,272 Ksh$1,604.37
Morocco 2018 World Bank 30,725 DH$3,321.62
Mozambique 2018 World Bank 30,772 MZ$433.41
Nigeria 2018 World Bank 659,159 NGN$1,739.21
Tanzania 2018 National Bureau of Statistics; World Bank 2,297,020 TZS$998.80
Uganda 2018 World Bank 2,357,327 UGX$643.02
Rwanda 2019 World Bank 737,578.59 R₣$820.12
Pakistan 2020 World Bank National Accounts Data 188,900 PKR$1,080.91
India 2020 Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation 151,760 IN₹$2,064.76

7. Demand

Population Size

220,892,331

National See all MSI countries
Close
Country Year Data Source Value
Cote d'Ivoire 2017 World Bank 24,437,469
Ghana 2019 World Bank 30,417,856
Kenya 2017 World Bank 50,221,473
Morocco 2017 World Bank 36,471,769
Mozambique 2018 World Bank 29,495,962
Nigeria 2017 World Bank 190,873,311
Tanzania 2019 World Bank 58,005,463
Uganda 2017 World Bank 41,487,000
Rwanda 2019 World Bank 12,626,950
Pakistan 2020 World Bank National Accounts Data 220,892,331
India 2021 Minsitry of Health and Family Welfare 1,361,343,000
Displayed In

All Indicators

Please enter 3 or more characters to begin search.

You can then click on a result to be taken to the relevant tab.

    The Market Shaping Indicators project is a work in progress. Significant gaps exist in data, which will be filled in future revisions. We would recommend checking back regularly for updates. We are keen to receive any feedback that you have on this Dashboard, which can be sent to [email protected].

    Using the Dashboard

    The indicators are split into 6 key areas, split into the Housing Value Chain: Land & Infrastructure, Construction & Investment, Sales & Rental, Maintenance & Management, Enabling Environment, Economic Environment and Demand, shown in the following tabs. Navigation can either be undertaken by using the tabs, or through the Search box immediately above. Above this, currency indicators can be toggled between USD and local currency.

    Users are able to further interrogate each indicator each indicator through clicking on the arrows to the left of each indicator. This expanded section shows the data elements that are used to produce the overall indicator value, dates of data collection, source details, hyperlinks to the original data where possible, and a breakdown of data quality. The majority of indicators are quality assessed, based on the whether they are: Interpretable; Relevant; Sufficiently Accurate; Representative; Timely; and Accessible. Indicators are scored on each of these criteria using a 1-4 star system, detailed below:

    ☆ – poor

    ☆☆ – moderate

    ☆☆☆ – good

    ☆☆☆☆ – excellent

    Finally, all data can be downloaded for further interrogation. By clicking on Switch to Data View at the top of the screen, users can filter data based on countries and columns, and download in a .csv or .xls file.

    Bottom 40

    Reall targets the Bottom 40% of the urban income pyramid, referred to as the ‘Bottom 40’ or ‘B40’. An objective of the MSI work was to better understand and demonstrate the market from the perspective of households in the Bottom 40, and as such data is aggregated for this group where possible. Data for this group can be particularly challenging to come across. In part, this is due to the difficulties in accurately defining this group using existing data sets. Additionally though, the informality of much of life for lower income groups severely limits data availability, particularly in terms of key data on jobs, housing and relationships with local government. This lack of data is a key blockage for further engagement at the lower end of the housing market, and resolving this is an objective of Reall’s and of the MSI work.

    Aggregations

    Data is shown at various different “aggregations”, which demonstrate the size and location of the population for which the data represents. This varies from national to city level in terms of population groupings. Additional aggregations exist for the Bottom 40, as detailed above, enabling a focused view on the lower end of the market.

    For relevant data, Reall’s partners are also included as an aggregation. This is not meant to be representative of the entire market, but recognises that as practitioners and experts within the lower end of the housing market of each country, their experiences are a useful check on other data sets, and an indication of the value when other data is not available.

    Terms of Use

    Reall Ltd (“Reall”) endeavours to make its data as freely available as possible in order to demonstrate the successes of its model and encourage other actors into the affordable homes movement. Reall provides the user with access to these data free of charge subject to the terms of this agreement.

    Users are encouraged to use the data to benefit themselves and others in creative ways.

    Unless specifically labelled otherwise, you are free to copy, distribute, adapt, display or include the data in other products for commercial or non-commercial purposes for no cost under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, with the additional terms below.  The basic terms may be accessed here. By using or downloading the data, users are agreeing to comply with the terms of a CC BY 4.0 licence, and also agreeing to the following mandatory and binding additions:

    – You agree to provide attribution to Reall in any published use of the data, including but not limited to articles, papers, blogs, books. Usage includes both direct publication of the existing data, along with any analysis undertaken by the user. This attribution should include Reall’s name and the following link – reall.net/dashboard. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the data should be shared with Reall ([email protected]).

    – When sharing or facilitating access to the data, you agree to include the same acknowledgement requirement in any sub-licences of the data that you grant, and a requirement that any sub-licences do the same. You may meet this requirement by providing the uniform resource locator (URL) to these terms of use.

    – Some datasets and indicators may be provided by third parties, and may not be redistributed or reused without the consent of the original data provider, or may be subject to additional terms and conditions. Where applicable, third party data is labelled as such, and usage conditions can be found on their respective websites.

    Until 2018, land prices in Pakistan were officially set by the Government based on District Commissioner (DC) rates “ rates registered with the Property Registration Authorities but usually set lower (5 to 10 times) than the prevailing market prices. More recently, the Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) has introduced property valuation tables (published by the District Collector at the Revenue Department) that help inform the DC rates and ensure that disparities between these rates and prevailing market rates are minimized. In theory, these updated DC rates also inform the computation of accurate withholding tax on the sale/purchase of property and capital gains tax. In fact, however, the implementation of these updated DC rates has been challenging, owing to resistance from the existing network of property dealers and their clients who claim that the true essence of the Stamp Rules Act of 1899 requires consultation with the public when setting the DC rates. However, the Act itself is due for major revision as it relates to single-story dwellings and does not include any provision for upper-portion taxation rates.

    Furthermore, existing physical designs for affordable housing are inadequate for addressing the effects of rapid urbanization. Existing housing remains susceptible to risk, especially in lieu of environmental challenges. Approximately 10% of otherwise durable houses did not have access to adequate services, a figure which reflects poorly on previous housing efforts.

    Looking closely at indicators within the land title and assembly sub-domain revealed that while data values were available, they did not fare well from a quality standpoint. Future work requires stronger developer interaction to be able to effectively improve data quality and reliability. As an example, while data pertaining to property registration procedures is indicated on land authority portals, conversations with Reall partner firms revealed that values were not always reflective, with property registration processes, time and costs often much higher than stipulated and would require active intervention and follow-ups. While official provincial department portals indicated that it would range between 11-14 days to register residential property, Reall partner firms stated that it would require an average of 105 days for the same indicator.

    Of the 25 indicators in this group, 24 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Regulated minimum size of a residential plot in urban areas in square meters
    i
    The minimum size of a residential plot in urban areas in square meters as per legislation/regulation.
    Partners Urban 2021
    75.80
    Partners Partners 2021
    75.80
    Modulus Tech (Developer) Karachi 2021
    75.80
    EPL (Developer) Lahore 2021
    75.80
    AMC (Developer) Peshawar 2021
    75.80
    Potohar Builders Islamabad 2021
    75.80
    Smallest residential plot size
    i
    The smallest plot size (in square meters) available in a residential development by a developer / contractor.
    Partners Partners 2021
    37.9m2
    Modulus Tech (Developer) Karachi 2021
    50.5m2
    EPL (Developer) Lahore 2021
    75.8m2
    AMC (Developer) Peshawar 2021
    37.9m2
    Potohar Builders Islamabad 2021
    75.8m2
    Average land costs per m2
    i
    The average cost per square meter of unserviced land that is zoned for residential development in urban areas.
    Zameen.com Karachi 2021
    28,007 PKR$160.26
    Zameen.com Lahore 2021
    66,779 PKR$382.12
    Zameen.com Islamabad 2021
    61,247 PKR$350.46
    % Of land for residential development acquired from the private sector
    i
    Percentage of land acquired from the private sector by formal developers / contractors for residential developments in urban areas out of all the land that they acquired for residential developments in urban areas.
    Partners Partners 2021
    100%
    World Bank DBI geographic coverage index score ranking: Asia
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's geographic coverage index within Africa/Asia. The geographic coverage index has four components: (1) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (2) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (3) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are mapped; 0 if not. (4) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are mapped; 0 if not. (5) The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater geographic coverage in land ownership registration and cadastral mapping.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 32 with 15 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 32 with 15 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 32 with 15 other countries out of 48
    World Bank DBI geographic coverage index score ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's geographic coverage index. The geographic coverage index has four components: (1) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (2) How complete the coverage of the land registry is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are formally registered at the land registry; 0 if not. (3) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the largest business city. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the city are mapped; 0 if not. (4) How complete the coverage of the mapping agency is at the level of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if all privately held land plots in the economy are mapped; 0 if not. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater geographic coverage in land ownership registration and cadastral mapping.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 100 with 87 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 100 with 87 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 100 with 87 other countries out of 190
    World Bank DBI quality of land administration index ranking: Asia
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's quality of land administration index within Africa/Asia. The quality of land administration index is composed of five other indices: the reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution and equal access to property rights. Data are collected for each economys largest business city.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    37 out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 42 with 1 other country out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    29 out of 48
    World Bank DBI quality of land administration index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's quality of land administration index. The quality of land administration index is composed of five other indices: the reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution and equal access to property rights. Data are collected for each economys largest business city.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    129 out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 151 with 10 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 91 with 1 other country out of 190
    Number of procedures to register residential property
    i
    The number of procedures to register residential property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so.
    Provincial Land Authorities' and Revenue Departments National 2021
    4 to 9
    Partners Partners 2021
    6
    Pakistan Doing Business Karachi 2021
    6
    Punjab Land Records Authority Lahore 2021
    4
    Gul and Haider Advocates and Legal Consultants Peshawar 2013
    9
    Islamabad Capital Territory Administration (ICTA) Islamabad 2021
    7
    Name of residential property registration procedure that takes the longest to complete
    i
    The name of the procedure that takes the longest to complete out of all procedures required to register residential property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. Assumptions about time: Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (again except for procedures that can be fully completed online). It is assumed that the buyer does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure available and used by the majority of property owners is chosen. It is assumed that the parties involved are aware of all requirements and their sequence from the beginning. Time spent on gathering information is not considered. If time estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used.
    Provincial Land Authorities' and Revenue Departments National 2021
    Processing, executing and obtaining a sales certificate from the sub-registrars office
    Partners Partners 2021
    Varies based on Province
    Pakistan Doing Business Karachi 2021
    Obtaining a Sales Certificate
    Punjab Land Records Authority Lahore 2021
    Execution & Registration of a Deed Before Registration Authority & Mutation in Revenue Record at Sub Registrar Office
    Gul and Haider Advocates and Legal Consultants Peshawar 2013
    Execution & Registration of a Deed Before Registration Authority/ Excise & Taxation Department
    Islamabad Capital Territory Administration (ICTA) Islamabad 2021
    Processing of Submitted Documents at the Office of the Sub-Registrar
    Time to register residential property (days)
    i
    The total time taken in days to complete all of the procedures required to register residential property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. Assumptions about time: Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (again except for procedures that can be fully completed online). It is assumed that the buyer does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure available and used by the majority of property owners is chosen. It is assumed that the parties involved are aware of all requirements and their sequence from the beginning. Time spent on gathering information is not considered. If time estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used.
    Provincial Land Authorities' and Revenue Departments National 2021
    11 to 14
    Partners Partners 2021
    105
    Pakistan Doing Business Karachi 2021
    14
    Punjab Land Records Authority Lahore 2021
    11
    Gul and Haider Advocates and Legal Consultants Peshawar 2013
    53
    Cost to register residential property
    i
    The total cost to register residential property as a percentage of the value of the property. Assumptions about the sellers property: Is fully owned by the seller. Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years. Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes. Is located in an urban residential zone and no rezoning is required. The property, consisting of land and a dwelling, will be transferred in its entirety. The dwelling is in good condition, complies with all safety standards, building codes and other legal requirements. The property will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase. Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind. Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits are required. Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it. Assumptions about procedures: A procedure is defined as any interaction of the buyer, the seller or their agents (if an agent is legally or in practice required) with external parties, including government agencies, inspectors, public notaries, architects, surveyors, among others. Interactions between company officers and employees are not considered. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded, even if they may be avoided in exceptional cases. Each electronic procedure is counted as a separate procedure. Payment of capital gains tax can be counted as a separate procedure. If a procedure can be accelerated legally for an additional cost, the fastest procedure is chosen if that option is used by the majority of property owners. Although the buyer may use lawyers or other professionals where necessary in the registration process, it is assumed that the buyer does not employ an outside facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. Assumptions about time: Time is recorded in calendar days. The measure captures the median duration that property lawyers, notaries or registry officials indicate is necessary to complete a procedure. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each procedure is one day, except for procedures that can be fully completed online, for which the time required is recorded as half a day. Although procedures may take place simultaneously, they cannot start on the same day (again except for procedures that can be fully completed online). It is assumed that the buyer does not waste time and commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure available and used by the majority of property owners is chosen. It is assumed that the parties involved are aware of all requirements and their sequence from the beginning. Time spent on gathering information is not considered. If time estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used. Assumptions about the cost of the property: Cost is recorded as a percentage of the property value, assumed to be equivalent to 50 times income per capita. Only official costs required by law are recorded, including fees, transfer taxes, stamp duties and any other payment to the property registry, notaries, public agencies or lawyers. Other taxes, such as capital gains tax or value added tax (VAT), are excluded from the cost measure. However, in economies where transfer tax can be substituted by VAT, transfer tax will be recorded instead. Both costs borne by the buyer and the seller are included. If cost estimates differ among sources, the median reported value is used.
    Provincial Land Authorities' and Revenue Departments National 2021
    1% to 6% of property value
    Partners Partners 2021
    1% to 6% of property value
    Pakistan Doing Business Karachi 2021
    PKR 342,058, plus 1-6% of property value
    Punjab Land Records Authority Lahore 2021
    PKR 1,500 plus 6% property value (Town Fee: 1%, CVT: 2%, Stamp Duty: 3%)
    Gul and Haider Advocates and Legal Consultants Peshawar 2013
    Up to PKR 10,880 plus 5.5% property value (Stamp Duty: 3%, Transfer Tax: 2%, Registration fees: 0.5%)
    World Bank DBI transparency of information index ranking: Asia
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's transparency of information index within Africa/Asia. The transparency of information index has 10 components: (1) Whether information on land ownership is made publicly available. A score of 1 is assigned if information on land ownership is accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (2) Whether the list of documents required for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the list of documents is easily accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (3) Whether the fee schedule for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (4) Whether the immovable property agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver a legally binding document proving property ownership. A score of 0.5 is assigned if such service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (5) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration. A score of 1 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. (6) Whether there are publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the immovable property registration agency in the largest business city. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about property transfers in the largest business city in the past calendar year at the latest on May 1st of the following year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. (7) Whether maps of land plots are made publicly available. A score of 0.5 is assigned if cadastral plans are accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (8) Whether the fee schedule for accessing cadastral plans is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (9) Whether the mapping agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver an updated cadastral plan. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (10) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the mapping agency. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating greater transparency in the land administration system.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    11 out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 16 with 5 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 2 with 1 other country out of 48
    World Bank DBI transparency of information index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's transparency of information index. The transparency of information index has 10 components: (1) Whether information on land ownership is made publicly available. A score of 1 is assigned if information on land ownership is accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (2) Whether the list of documents required for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the list of documents is easily accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (3) Whether the fee schedule for completing all types of property transactions is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (4) Whether the immovable property agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver a legally binding document proving property ownership. A score of 0.5 is assigned if such service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (5) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration. A score of 1 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. (6) Whether there are publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the immovable property registration agency in the largest business city. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about property transfers in the largest business city in the past calendar year at the latest on May 1st of the following year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. (7) Whether maps of land plots are made publicly available. A score of 0.5 is assigned if cadastral plans are accessible by anyone; 0 if access is restricted. (8) Whether the fee schedule for accessing cadastral plans is made easily available to the public. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee schedule is easily accessible online or on a public board free of charge; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (9) Whether the mapping agency formally specifies the time frame to deliver an updated cadastral plan. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the service standard is accessible online or on a public board; 0 if it is not made available to the public or if it can be obtained only in person. (10) Whether there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that occurred at the mapping agency. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a specific and independent mechanism for filing a complaint; 0 if there is only a general mechanism or no mechanism. The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher values indicating greater transparency in the land administration system.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    38 out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 59 with 21 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 8 with 3 other countries out of 190
    % Of residential development projects where developers are paying for bulk infrastructure or the building of roads
    i
    The share of site-based residential development projects in urban areas that are currently ongoing and have not yet been completed where the developer has had to provide bulk infrastructure or build roads. This indicator does not include projects where construction occurred on multiple individual plots in an existing community. Bulk infrastructure includes the provision of electrical and water mains connections to a site/plot. Road building includes all roads built to connect to a municipal roadway.
    Partners Partners 2021
    100%
    % Of households without access to improved drinking water services
    i
    The share of households without access to improved drinking water services. According to DHS 7, improved drinking water services include: piped into dwelling; piped to yard/plot; public tap/standpiper; piped to neighbour; tube well or borehole; protected well; protected spring; rainwater; tanker truck, cart with small tank; bottled water.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    5%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Urban 2019
    1.31%
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    8.32%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Karachi 2019
    1.45%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Lahore 2019
    0.40%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Peshawar 2019
    5.86%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Quetta 2019
    0.20%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Islamabad 2019
    1.33%
    % Of households without access to improved sanitation services
    i
    The share of households without access to an improved sanitation facility. According to DHS 7, improved sanitation facilities include: flush - to piped sewer system; flush - to septic tank; flush - to pit latrine; flush - don't know where; flush - somewhere else; pit latrine - ventilated improved pit (VIP); pit latrine - with slab; composting toilet.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    31%
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    1.40%
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    2.75%
    % Of households without access to basic electricity
    i
    The share of households without access to electricity in their dwelling.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    7%
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    1%
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    3.68%
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    2.37%
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    1.03%
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    3.80%
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    4.60%
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    2.60%
    % Of households living in dwellings built using durable building materials (walls and roof) with inadequate services
    i
    The percentage of households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished and the dwelling does not have access to improved drinking water services, improved sanitation facilities, and/or electricity, of the total households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: CEMENT STONE WITH LIME/CEMENT; BRICKS; CEMENT BLOCKS; COVERED ADOBE; WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: METAL/ZINC;WOOD; CALAMINE/CEMENT FIBER; CERAMICTILES; CEMENT; ROOFING SHINGLES. Improved water services include: PIPED INTO DWELLING; PIPED TO YARD/PLOT; PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPER; PIPED TO NEIGHBOUR; TUBE WELL OR BOREHOLE; PROTECTED WELL; PROTECTED SPRING; RAINWATER; TANKER TRUCK; CART WITH SMALL TANK; BOTTLED WATER. According to DHS 7, improved sanitation facilities include: FLUSH TO PIPED SEWER SYSTEM; FLUSH TO SEPTIC TANK; FLUSH TO PIT LATRINE; FLUSH DONT KNOW WHERE; FLUSH SOMEWHERE ELSE; PIT LATRINE VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT (VIP); PIT LATRINE WITH SLAB; COMPOSTING TOILET.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    10.35%
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    9.60%
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    9.32%
    Transport as a % of household expenditure
    i
    Expenditure on transport as a share of total household expenditure.
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) National 2019
    6.80%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Urban 2019
    6.88%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Bottom 40 2019
    4.97%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Karachi 2019
    5.29%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Lahore 2019
    7.98%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Peshawar 2019
    5.95%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Quetta 2019
    5.19%
    World Bank DBI Reliability of infrastructure index ranking: Asia
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's reliability of infrastructure index within Africa/Asia. The reliability of infrastructure index has six components: (1) In what format land title certificates are kept at the immovable property registry of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of land title certificates are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (2) Whether there is a comprehensive and functional electronic database for checking all encumbrances, caveats, charges or privileges affecting a registered propertys encumbrances. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (3) In what format cadastral plans are kept at the mapping agency of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of cadastral plans are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (4) Whether there is a geographic information system (a fully digital geographic representation of the land plot) an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing cadastral information. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (5) Whether the land ownership registry and mapping agency are linked. A score of 1 is assigned if information about land ownership and maps is kept in a single database or in linked databases; 0 if there is no connection between different databases. (6) How immovable property is identified. A score of 1 is assigned if both the immovable property registry and the mapping agency use the same identification number for properties; 0 if there are multiple identifiers. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating a higher quality of infrastructure for ensuring the reliability of information on property titles and boundaries.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    35 out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 42 with 5 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 18 with 5 other countries out of 48
    World Bank DBI Reliability of infrastructure index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's reliability of infrastructure index. The reliability of infrastructure index has six components: (1) In what format land title certificates are kept at the immovable property registry of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of land title certificates are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (2) Whether there is a comprehensive and functional electronic database for checking all encumbrances, caveats, charges or privileges affecting a registered propertys encumbrances. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (3) In what format cadastral plans are kept at the mapping agency of the largest business city of the economy. A score of 2 is assigned if the majority of cadastral plans are fully digital; 1 if scanned; 0 if kept in paper format. (4) Whether there is a geographic information system (a fully digital geographic representation of the land plot) an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing cadastral information. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (5) Whether the land ownership registry and mapping agency are linked. A score of 1 is assigned if information about land ownership and maps is kept in a single database or in linked databases; 0 if there is no connection between different databases. (6) How immovable property is identified. A score of 1 is assigned if both the immovable property registry and the mapping agency use the same identification number for properties; 0 if there are multiple identifiers. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating a higher quality of infrastructure for ensuring the reliability of information on property titles and boundaries.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 121 with 19 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 158 with 29 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 56 with 19 other countries out of 190
    Total number of residential properties with a title deed
    i
    The total number of residential properties that have a title deed as per the deeds registry.
    - -

    Despite the Pakistan construction industry being lauded within Pakistan for contributing 7.61% towards the country s GDP, construction remains a prohibitive and exclusionary sector. This is largely due to very little information being available on market players and developers engaged in the provision and construction of affordable housing.

    Informal reporting, inadequate documents and multiple-claimant issues have led to lack of formalised data on home ownership. Home ownership documentation is not collated which makes any assessment of the demand-supply dynamics for the housing market difficult to conduct. Formalised data pertaining to developer-built dwellings catering to the bottom-end of the market and the residential construction sector also remain as data gaps.

    Approximately 40% of Pakistan s urban population lives in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate dwellings, and 46% of households are overcrowded. These figures are especially alarming as the world witnesses a global pandemic, for which social distancing is a preventive measure. Data also reveals that household sizes vary significantly across cities, with 5.72 individuals per household in Karachi and 8.37  in Peshawar, significantly impacting the design of any new housing in these cities.

    Of the 19 indicators in this group, 15 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Size of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters
    i
    The size of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters.
    Modulus Tech (Developer) Karachi 2021
    50m2
    EPL (Developer) Lahore 2021
    46.45m2
    Number of people per sleeping room in formal dwellings
    i
    The number of people per sleeping room in formal dwellings. Sleeping rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. Formal dwellings are defined as dwellings where the main material used for the walls and roof of the dwelling are finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement, stone with lime/cement, bricks, cement blocks, covered adobe, wood planks/shingles. Finished roof material included: asbestos, reinforced brick, cement, metal, wood, calamine/cement fiber, ceramic tiles, cement/RCC, roofing shingle.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    3.34
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    3.26
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    3.87
    Number of people per sleeping room in informal dwellings
    i
    The number of people per sleeping room in informal dwellings. Sleeping rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. Informal dwellings are defined as dwellings where the main material used for the walls or roof of the dwelling are unfinished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: cement, stone with lime/cement, bricks, cement blocks, covered adobe, wood planks/shingles. Finished roof material included: asbestos, reinforced brick, cement, metal, wood, calamine/cement fiber, ceramic tiles, cement/RCC, roofing shingle.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    4.48
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    4.17
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    4.18
    Number of households living in dwellings built using durable building materials (walls and roof)
    i
    The number of households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: CEMENT STONE WITH LIME/CEMENT; BRICKS; CEMENT BLOCKS; COVERED ADOBE; WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: METAL/ZINC;WOOD; CALAMINE/CEMENT FIBER; CERAMICTILES; CEMENT; ROOFING SHINGLES.
    The DHS Program National 2017
    20,015,284
    The DHS Program Urban 2017
    9,743,533
    % of households living in dwellings built using durable building materials (walls and roof) that are overcrowded
    i
    The percentage of households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished and the dwelling is overcrowded, of the total households living in dwellings where the main material of the walls and roof are finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In line with the DHS, an overcrowded dwelling is one where there are three or more people per sleeping room (see e.g., https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/MR9/MR9.pdf). Sleeping rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: CEMENT STONE WITH LIME/CEMENT; BRICKS; CEMENT BLOCKS; COVERED ADOBE; WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: METAL/ZINC;WOOD; CALAMINE/CEMENT FIBER; CERAMICTILES; CEMENT; ROOFING SHINGLES.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    42.55%
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    39.70%
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    54.63%
    % Of population living in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate dwellings
    i
    The percentage of the population that are part of households whose main dwelling meets the criteria of a slum/inadequate/informal dwelling. A household living in a slum/inadequate dwelling/informal settlement is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or more of the following conditions: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and durability of housing. As per the UN definition, access to improved water requires the household to have access to: Piped connection to house or plot OR Public stand pipe serving no more than 5 households OR Bore hole OR Protected dug well OR Protected spring OR Rain water collection OR Bottle water (new). As per the UN definition, access to improved sanitation requires the household to have access to: Direct connection to public sewer OR Direct connection to septic tank OR Poor flush latrine OR Ventilated improved pit latrine OR Pit latrine with slab (new). The sufficient living area requirement requires there to be less than 4 people per habitable room in the household's dwelling. Habitable rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages. Durability of housing requires the main material of the walls, floor, and roof of the household's dwelling to be finished. The definition of finished materials are as per the latest DHS questionnaire. Some of these may be country specific, but the major categories are standard. In DHS 7, finished floor materials included: PARQUET OR POLISHED WOOD; VINYL OR ASPHALT STRIPS; CERAMIC TILES; CEMENT; CARPET/RUG. In DHS 7, finished wall materials included: CEMENT; STONE WITH LIME/CEMENT; BRICKS; CEMENT BLOCKS; COVERED ADOBE; WOOD PLANKS/SHINGLES. In DHS 7, finished roof materials included: METAL/ZINC; WOOD; CALAMINE/CEMENT FIBER; CERAMIC TILES; CEMENT ROOFING SHINGLES.
    World Bank National Accounts Data Urban 2018
    40.10%
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    4.90%
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    6.07%
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    38.02%
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    46.40%
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    5.07%
    Number of overcrowded households
    i
    The number of households that are overcrowded. As per the DHS 7, An overcrowded dwelling is one where there are three or more people per sleeping room. Sleeping rooms exclude kitchens, bathrooms, and garages.
    Population and Housing Census National 2017
    15,567,830
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    4,937,416
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    1,066,827
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    727,036
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    199,897
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    90,968
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    75,306
    Gross fixed capital formation of dwellings as % of GDP
    i
    The value of capital invested in the formation of dwellings as a percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product.
    Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, World Bank National Accounts Data National 2021
    2.20%
    Residential rental sector as a % of GDP
    i
    The value of the rental sector as a percentage of the country's Gross Domestic Product.
    Pakistan Economic Survey National 2020
    6.97%
    Is there a body that organizes developers / contractors?
    i
    A "Yes" or "No" answer whether or not a body exists that organises developers / contractors.
    Association of Builders And Developers of Pakistan National 2021
    Yes
    % of population employed in real estate activities
    i
    The percentage of population employed in real estate activities.
    Labour Force Survey National 2018
    0.46%
    Labour Force Survey Karachi (Urban Sindh) 2018
    0.99%
    Labour Force Survey Lahore (Urban Punjab) 2018
    1.04%
    Labour Force Survey Peshawar (Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2018
    0.82%
    Labour Force Survey Quetta (Urban Balochistan) 2018
    0.65%
    Number of completed developer built dwellings that are accessible to the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The total dwellings completed in the last calendar year that are affordable to the bottom-end of the market (calculation methodology to be determined). Completed dwellings are dwellings for which occupancy permits have been issued. From a buying perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the price of the dwellings to be such that the bottom-end of the market households can afford to purchase it at market borrowing terms or the terms offered by the developer/accessible through the developer. From a rental perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the rental price of the dwellings built by the developer / contractor to be such that the monthly rent-to-income ratio of the dwelling does not exceed 30% of the bottom-end of the market household incomes.
    AMC (Developer) Partners 2021
    369
    Cost of standard 50kg bag of cement
    i
    The wholesale price of a standard 50kg bag of cement in local currency units.
    Partners National 2021
    640 PKR$3.66
    Partners Partners 2021
    640 PKR$3.66
    Modulus Tech (Developer) Karachi 2021
    630 PKR$3.60
    EPL (Developer) Lahore 2021
    650 PKR$3.72
    OLX Peshawar 2021
    700 PKR$4.01
    OLX Islamabad 2021
    665 PKR$3.81
    Average residential building cost inflation for dwellings over 5 years
    i
    The average annual residential building cost inflation for dwellings over five consecutive years.
    Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Urban 2021
    33.62%
    Time (in days) from application to completion for dwellings in the main urban city
    i
    The median number of days (inclusive of weekends and public holidays) between the issuance of a building construction permit and the issuance of an occupancy permit for residential dwellings. A building construction permit provides developers / contractors with permission to commence construction on the proposed site / development. An occupancy permit provides certifies the dwelling as habitable.
    Sindh Building Control Authority Karachi 2021
    16.50
    Number of dwellings completed annually
    i
    The number of new residential units completed per annum for which occupancy permits have been issued.
    - -
    Number of formal private developers / contractors serving the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The total number of registered private developers or contractors that build dwellings affordable to the bottom-end of the market. Registered private developers / contractors refers to businesses that are privately owned (not owned by government) and have a valid business/operating permit/license. From a buying perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the price of the dwellings to be such that the bottom end of the market (calculation methodology to be determined) can afford to purchase it at market borrowing terms or the terms offered by the developer/accessible through the developer. From a rental perspective, affordability for the bottom-end of the market requires the rental price of the dwellings built by the developer / contractor to be such that the monthly rent-to-income ratio of the dwelling does not exceed 30% of bottom end of market household incomes.
    - -
    Number of people employed in the residential construction sector
    i
    The number of people employed in the residential construction sector.
    - -
    Total cost of all residential construction permit-related procedures
    i
    The total cost of all permits (in local currency units) required for the construction of a residential dwelling and declaring it fit for occupancy.
    - -

    Access to finance for affordable housing is also a major challenge for the Urban Bottom 40 segment. Financial institutions have stringent risk criteria that most loan applicants in the B40 fail to meet, either due to a lack of sufficient collateral or the absence of a formal job. With 72% of all jobs in Pakistan being informal, this is a significant impediment6. As conventional banks do not extend construction loans based on land ownership, the B40 are prevented from developing the limited land they may have access to “ their only recourse is informal developments or slums. An alarming statistic that highlights this phenomenon is the current mortgage to GDP ratio in Pakistan, at 0.23 % of GDP vs the South Asian average of 3.4%7.

    There is an increased government commitment to revise policies for affordable housing which makes housing finance available to lower income groups. In line with the Government s vision to promote affordable housing in Pakistan, the Credit Guarantee Trust provides risk coverage of up to 40% to primary mortgage financiers on first loss basis. The guarantee partially alleviates the credit risk of primary mortgage financiers and provides a conducive environment for banks to finance housing for low-income people. This trust has been set up by the Government of Pakistan through the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and is also funded by the World Bank9. However, these revised housing finance terms and developments still remain prohibitive for households on low incomes.

    Average urban inflation for dwellings is at 33.62% cumulatively in the last 3 years, further decreasing a household s ability to spend and invest on housing. Data pertaining to ownership reveals that only 5.73% of females own a dwelling unit at the national level aggregate.

    Formalized data pertaining to residential transactions, including resale and new transfers, remains inaccessible to the public, making it difficult to determine housing sale trends.

    Of the 42 indicators in this group, 36 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor
    i
    The price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor in local currency units.
    Partners Urban 2021
    2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33
    Partners Partners 2021
    2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33
    Modulus Tech (Developer) Karachi 2021
    3,500,000 PKR$20,027.47
    EPL (Developer) Lahore 2021
    2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33
    AMC (Developer) Peshawar 2021
    2,500,000 PKR$14,305.33
    Average inflation for dwellings over 5 years
    i
    The average annual percentage change in the sales prices of completed residential dwellings over 5 years.
    Zameen.com National 2021
    7.82%
    Zameen.com Karachi 2021
    1.91%
    Zameen.com Lahore 2021
    7.78%
    Zameen.com Islamabad 2021
    8.25%
    % Of households that own their dwelling
    i
    The share of households that claim to own their dwelling.
    Population and Housing Census National 2018
    82.14%
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2018
    70.87%
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    60.09%
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    66.41%
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    66.55%
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    65.79%
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    50.23%
    % Of households with female or joint ownership of a dwelling
    i
    The share of households where a female member of the households owns their main dwelling or any other dwelling either outright or jointly with someone else.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    2.98%
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    4.10%
    The DHS Program Bottom 40 2018
    1.80%
    % Of households with female ownership of a dwelling
    i
    The share of households where a female member of the households owns their main dwelling or any other dwelling outright.
    Population and Housing Census National 2017
    5.73%
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    6.49%
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    9.16%
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    6.96%
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    3.23%
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    2.18%
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    4.82%
    World Bank DBI equal access to property rights index ranking: Asia
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's equal access to property rights index within Africa/Asia. The equal access to property rights index has two components: (1) Whether unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. (2) Whether married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. Ownership rights cover the ability to manage, control, administer, access, encumber, receive, dispose of and transfer property. Each restriction is considered if there is a differential treatment for men and women in the law considering the default marital property regime. For customary land systems, equality is assumed unless there is a general legal provision stating a differential treatment. The index ranges from -2 to 0, with higher values indicating greater inclusiveness of property rights.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 1st with 45 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 1st with 45 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 1st with 45 other countries out of 48
    World Bank DBI equal access to property rights index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's equal access to property rights index. The equal access to property rights index has two components: (1) Whether unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. (2) Whether married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property. A score of -1 is assigned if there are unequal ownership rights to property; 0 if there is equality. Ownership rights cover the ability to manage, control, administer, access, encumber, receive, dispose of and transfer property. Each restriction is considered if there is a differential treatment for men and women in the law considering the default marital property regime. For customary land systems, equality is assumed unless there is a general legal provision stating a differential treatment. The index ranges from -2 to 0, with higher values indicating greater inclusiveness of property rights.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 1st with 172 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 1st with 172 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 1st with 172 other countries out of 190
    Typical rental price for cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor
    i
    The typical rental price per month in local currency units for a dwelling that matches the price and size characteristics provided by the "Price of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters" and "Size of the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer / contractor in an urban area in square meters" indicators.
    Modulus Tech (Developer) Karachi 2021
    15,000 PKR$85.83
    EPL (Developer) Lahore 2021
    9,000 PKR$51.50
    AMC (Developer) Peshawar 2021
    7,000 PKR$40.05
    % Of households that rent their dwelling
    i
    The share of households that claim to rent their dwelling
    Population and Housing Census National 2017
    11.53%
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    24.02%
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    34.66%
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    28.15%
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    29.01%
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    29.92%
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    43.30%
    Number of end-user finance loans disbursed or mobilized for purchases of dwellings
    i
    The total number of end-user finance loans that a developer/contractor disbursed to clients (directly or indirectly) in a calendar year for the purposes of purchasing a completed dwelling. Direct disbursement includes all loans where the developer provides the financing directly. Indirect disbursement includes all loans where the developer has brokered a formal arrangement with a financial institution so that the financial institution can provide end-user financing to the developer's clients.
    AMC (Developer) Partners 2021
    259
    Does government or industry publish any data on land prices in the main urban centre?
    i
    Asks whether or not there are any publications by government and/or industry that contain data on land prices in the main urban centre.
    Federal Board of Revenue Karachi 2021
    Yes
    Federal Board of Revenue Lahore 2021
    Yes
    Federal Board of Revenue Peshawar 2021
    Yes
    Federal Board of Revenue Quetta 2021
    Yes
    Federal Board of Revenue Islamabad 2021
    Yes
    Number of new residential transfers
    i
    The total number of residential transactions in a given calendar year where the dwelling is classified as a new build.
    Punjab Land Records Authority Lahore 2021
    450,322
    Number of residential transfers financed with a mortgage
    i
    The total number of residential property transfers that were financed with a mortgage.
    Punjab Land Records Authority Lahore 2021
    270
    World Bank DBI land dispute resolution index ranking: Asia
    i
    The rank of the country's score on the World Bank's land dispute resolution index within Africa/Asia. The land dispute resolution index assesses the legal framework for immovable property registration and the accessibility of dispute resolution mechanisms. The index has eight components: (1) Whether the law requires that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable property registry to make them opposable to third parties. A score of 1.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (2) Whether the formal system of immovable property registration is subject to a guarantee. A score of 0.5 is assigned if either a state or private guarantee over immovable property registration is required by law; 0 if no such guarantee is required. (3) Whether there is a specific, out-of-court compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry. A score of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (4) Whether the legal system requires verification of the legal validity of the documents (such as the sales, transfer or conveyance deed) necessary for a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a review of legal validity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no review. (5) Whether the legal system requires verification of the identity of the parties to a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is verification of identity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no verification. (6) Whether there is a national database to verify the accuracy of government-issued identity documents. A score of 1 is assigned if such a national database is available; 0 if not. (7) How much time it takes to obtain a decision from a court of first instance (without an appeal) in a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights worth 50 times income per capita and located in the largest business city. A score of 3 is assigned if it takes less than one year; 2 if it takes between one and two years; 1 if it takes between two and three years; 0 if it takes more than three years. (8) Whether there are publicly available statistics on the number of land disputes at the economy level in the first instance court. For the 11 economies where the data are also collected for the second largest business city, city-level statistics are taken into account. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about land disputes in the economy in the past calendar year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater protection against land disputes.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 39 with 4 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 39 with 4 other countries out of 48
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 39 with 4 other countries out of 48
    World Bank DBI land dispute resolution index ranking: Global
    i
    The global rank of the country's score on the World Bank's land dispute resolution index. The land dispute resolution index assesses the legal framework for immovable property registration and the accessibility of dispute resolution mechanisms. The index has eight components: (1) Whether the law requires that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable property registry to make them opposable to third parties. A score of 1.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (2) Whether the formal system of immovable property registration is subject to a guarantee. A score of 0.5 is assigned if either a state or private guarantee over immovable property registration is required by law; 0 if no such guarantee is required. (3) Whether there is a specific, out-of-court compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by the immovable property registry. A score of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (4) Whether the legal system requires verification of the legal validity of the documents (such as the sales, transfer or conveyance deed) necessary for a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is a review of legal validity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no review. (5) Whether the legal system requires verification of the identity of the parties to a property transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned if there is verification of identity, either by the registrar or by a professional (such as a notary or a lawyer); 0 if there is no verification. (6) Whether there is a national database to verify the accuracy of government-issued identity documents. A score of 1 is assigned if such a national database is available; 0 if not. (7) How much time it takes to obtain a decision from a court of first instance (without an appeal) in a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights worth 50 times income per capita and located in the largest business city. A score of 3 is assigned if it takes less than one year; 2 if it takes between one and two years; 1 if it takes between two and three years; 0 if it takes more than three years. (8) Whether there are publicly available statistics on the number of land disputes at the economy level in the first instance court. For the 11 economies where the data are also collected for the second largest business city, city-level statistics are taken into account. A score of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are published about land disputes in the economy in the past calendar year; 0 if no such statistics are made publicly available. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating greater protection against land disputes.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    Tied 149 with 17 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Karachi 2020
    Tied 149 with 17 other countries out of 190
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator Lahore 2020
    Tied 149 with 17 other countries out of 190
    Does an operational mortgage refinancing company exist?
    i
    Asks whether or not a mortgage refinance company exists and is operational in the country.
    Pakistan Mortgage Refinance Company (PMRC) National 2021
    Pakistan Mortgage Refinance Company (PMRC)
    Value of formal housing finance issued per annum
    i
    The value of formal housing finance loans issued in a calendar year by licensed/registered housing finance providers in local currency units.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review National 2019
    15,880,000,000 PKR$90,867,475.39
    Value of formal housing finance outstanding
    i
    The value of outstanding formal housing finance loans in local currency units at the end of a calendar year for housing finance issued by licensed/registered providers.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review National 2019
    103,000,000,000 PKR$589,379,720.76
    Value of formal housing finance outstanding as % of GDP
    i
    The value of outstanding formal housing finance loans in local currency units at the end of a calendar year as a share of nominal GDP in local currency units.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Department Circulars, World Bank National Accounts Data National 2019
    0.27%
    Prevailing formal housing finance rates
    i
    The minimum and maximum interest rates on formal housing finance loans.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Annual Report National 2020
    5-12% or (Karachi Interbank Offered Rate determined by Central Bank - a reference rate based on interests rates at which banks offer to lend)
    Maximum formal housing finance term
    i
    The maximum term in years on formal housing finance loans offered by registered/licensed housing finance provider.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review National 2017
    25 years
    Maximum LTV on a formal housing finance loan
    i
    The regulatory maximum formal housing finance loan-to-value (LTV) ratio set by the central bank.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Department Circulars/Notifications National 2017
    85%
    Is there a regulatory cap on formal housing finance interest rates?
    i
    Asks whether or not regulation exists that places a ceiling on the formal housing finance interest rate.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Annual Report National 2017
    Yes
    % of the adult population that borrowed formally
    i
    The share of individuals aged 15+ that borrowed from formal financial institutions. The definition of formal financial institution is as used by the Global Findex database encompasses all types of financial institutions that offer deposit, checking, and savings accounts (including banks, credit unions, Microfinance institutions, and post offices) and that fall under prudential regulation by a government body. The definition does not include nonbank financial institutions such as pension funds, retirement accounts, insurance companies, or equity holdings such as stocks.
    World Bank: The Global Findex Database National 2017
    2.63%
    Income distribution thresholds
    i
    This indicator contains the in-kind income levels (in local currency units) that cuts the income distribution of the country's into deciles.
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) National 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Urban 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Karachi 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Lahore 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Peshawar 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Quetta 2019
    Populated - Click left arrow to view
    Does a foreclosure policy exist?
    i
    Asks whether or not a foreclosure procedure exists.
    National Assembly of Pakistan National 2019
    Yes
    Maximum debt burden ratio
    i
    The percentage as stipulated by a provider registered with, or licensed by, the Central Bank/financial regulator for the ratio of total monthly installment/ monthly repayment towards housing loan to the total income of an individual/household.
    State Bank of Pakistan National 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Urban 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Bottom 40 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Karachi 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Lahore 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Peshawar 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Quetta 2021
    50%
    State Bank of Pakistan Islamabad 2021
    50%
    Number of formal housing finance providers regulated by the central bank
    i
    The number of formal housing finance providers. Each provider should be registered with, or licensed by, the Central Bank/financial regulator and one of their financing offerings must be housing finance loans.
    Pakistan Economic Survey National 2021
    42
    Number of formal housing finance loans issued per annum
    i
    The number of formal housing finance loans issued in a calendar year by licensed/registered housing finance providers.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review National 2016
    3,119
    Number of formal housing finance loans outstanding
    i
    The number of formal housing finance loans outstanding on the books of registered/licensed housing finance providers.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review National 2019
    58,620
    Non-performing formal housing finance as a % of total outstanding residential housing finance loans
    i
    The ratio of non-performing formal housing finance loans to total outstanding residential housing finance loans (volume not value) at the end of the financial year.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Finance Data Review National 2019
    10.96%
    % of households that can afford cheapest partner dwelling
    i
    The share of households that can afford the cheapest partner dwelling based on assumptions around financing terms. These assumptions are as follows: (1) the housing finance rate is equal to the maximum formal housing finance rate (see indicator 'Maximum formal housing finance rate'); (2) the housing finance term is equal to the maximum formal housing finance term (see indicator 'Maximum formal housing finance term'), (3) the LTV is equal to the maximum LTV on a residential mortgage (see indicator 'Maximum LTV on a formal housing finance'), (4) the debt burden ratio is equal to the maximum debt burden ratio (see indicator 'Maximum debt burden ratio'). This indicator assumes that households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria.
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan National 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Urban 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Karachi 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Lahore 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Peshawar 2019
    <40%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Quetta 2019
    <20%
    % Of households that can afford the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor
    i
    The share of households that can afford to buy the cheapest, newly built dwelling by a formal developer or contractor based on assumptions around financing terms and the maximum debt burden ratio. These assumptions are as follows: (1) the housing finance rate is equal to the maximum formal housing finance rate (see indicator 'Maximum formal housing finance rate'); (2) the housing finance term is equal to the maximum formal housing finance term (see indicator 'Maximum formal housing finance term'), (3) the LTV is equal to the maximum LTV on a residential mortgage (see indicator 'Maximum LTV on a formal housing finance'), (4) the debt burden ratio is equal to the maximum debt burden ratio (see indicator 'Maximum debt burden ratio'). This indicator assumes that households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria.
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Urban 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Karachi 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Lahore 2019
    <20%
    Partners, Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Peshawar 2019
    <40%
    Maximum dwelling price affordable to B40 households based on market mortgage finance terms
    i
    The maximum dwelling price affordable to B40 households based on market formal housing finance terms. This indicator assumes that B40 households have the savings required to meet the LTV criteria. The market formal housing financing terms are as follows: (1) the formal housing finance rate is equal to the maximum formal housing finance rate (see indicator 'Maximum formal housing finance rate'), (2) the formal housing finance term is equal to the maximum formal housing finance term (see indicator 'Maximum formal housing finance term'), (3) the LTV is equal to the maximum LTV on a formal housing finance loan (see indicator 'Maximum LTV on a formal housing finance loan), (4) the debt burden ratio is equal to the maximum debt burden ratio (see indicator 'Maximum debt burden ratio).
    Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan National 2019
    1,516,956.10 PKR$8,680.22
    Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Urban 2019
    1,577,584.80 PKR$9,027.15
    Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Karachi 2019
    1,561,082.60 PKR$8,932.72
    Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Lahore 2019
    1,484,788.80 PKR$8,496.16
    Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Peshawar 2019
    1,944,329.20 PKR$11,125.71
    Household Integrated Economic Survey, State Bank of Pakistan Quetta 2019
    1,831,846.50 PKR$10,482.07
    Maximum dwelling rent affordable to B40 households
    i
    The maximum dwelling rental affordable to B40 households based on the maximum debt burden ratio.
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), State Bank of Pakistan National 2019
    14,524.50 PKR$83.11
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), State Bank of Pakistan Urban 2019
    15,105 PKR$86.43
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), State Bank of Pakistan Karachi (Urban Sindh) 2019
    14,947 PKR$85.53
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), State Bank of Pakistan Lahore (Urban Punjab) 2019
    14,216.50 PKR$81.35
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), State Bank of Pakistan Peshawar (Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2019
    18,616.50 PKR$106.53
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES), State Bank of Pakistan Quetta (Urban Balochistan) 2019
    17,539.50 PKR$100.36
    Housing rent as a share of household expenditure
    i
    The percent of housing rent as a share of household expenditure.
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) National 2019
    14.13%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Urban 2019
    19.44%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Bottom 40 2019
    15.10%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Karachi (Urban Sindh) 2019
    24.15%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Lahore (Urban Punjab) 2019
    17.57%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Peshawar (Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2019
    15.12%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Quetta (Urban Balochistan) 2019
    17.39%
    Number of formal estate agents
    i
    The total number of registered real estate agents that are subject to regulatory oversight.
    - -
    Resale transactions as a % of all residential transactions
    i
    The percentage of residential resale transactions as a share of all residential transactions. A resale refers to any home that has been previously owned. In other words, all residential properties other than newly constructed ones.
    - -
    Number of residential resale transactions
    i
    The total number of residential resale transactions in a given calendar year. A resale refers to any home that has been previously owned. In other words, all residential properties other than newly constructed ones.
    - -
    Formal housing finance as a % of properties
    i
    The total number of formal housing finance loans as a share of residential properties that have a title deed.
    - -
    Number of formal housing finance providers that serve the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The number of formal housing finance providers that provide housing finance to urban bottom 60 households. Each provider should be registered with, or licensed by, the Central Bank/financial regulator and one of their financing offerings must be housing finance loans.
    - -
    Number of residential mortgages or formal loans provided to the bottom-end of the market
    i
    The number of residential mortgages issued in a calendar year by licensed/registered residential mortgage providers plus the number of or other formal loans issued by licensed financial service providers within a calendar year where the borrower is from the bottom-end of the market.
    - -

    An average of only 0.78% of household expenditure is spent on improvements to dwellings . Moreover, twenty-five million households lack access to basic waste collection. Data suggests that existing housing structures may be susceptible to risks due to infrequent maintenance and improvements, indicating that many homes are inadequate and may require immediate maintenance.

    Microfinance institutions remain a critical alternate mechanism for the provision of loans to the lowest income groups in Pakistan, where formal housing finance opportunities may not be sufficient.

    Of the 8 indicators in this group, 6 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Improvements to dwellings as a % of household expenditure
    i
    Household expenditure on improvements to dwellings in current local currency units as a share of total household expenditure in current local currency units. Expenditure on improvements to dwellings include: additions and alterations; labour and material for improvements, additions, and alterations; services for improvements, additions, and alterations; building materials for improvements, additions, and alterations; security structures.
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) National 2019
    0.78%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Urban 2019
    0.06%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Karachi (Urban Sindh) 2019
    0.44%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Lahore (Urban Punjab) 2019
    0.50%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Peshawar (Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2019
    1.58%
    Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) Quetta (Urban Balochistan) 2019
    0.61%
    % of households without access to basic waste collection services
    i
    The share of households without access to basic waste collection services. Basic waste collection services are defined as a reliable waste collection service, including both formal municipal and informal sector services. The collection service must be either door-to-door or deposit into a community container. The collection includes recycling as well as for treatment and disposal (so includes e.g. collection of recyclables by itinerant waste buyers). The waste must be collection must be reliable (i.e. regular) - the frequency will depend on country/municipality specific conditions and on any pre-separation of the waste.
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) National 2019
    75%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Karachi 2019
    54.38%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Lahore 2019
    47.58%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Peshawar 2019
    72.12%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Quetta 2019
    59.19%
    Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Islamabad 2019
    37.20%
    Number of microfinance providers
    i
    The total number of registered microfinance providers.
    Pakistan Microfinance Network National 2021
    46
    Value of outstanding microfinance loans
    i
    The total value of micro-credit dispersed in local currency units within a given year.
    Pakistan Microfinance Network National 2019
    30,753,000,000 PKR$175,972,762.65
    Value of HOUSING microfinance loans
    i
    The maximum microfinance loan size allowed for housing purposes in local currency units.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Housing Department Circulars/Notifications National 2020
    3,000,000 PKR$17,166.40
    % of microfinance loans taken for housing
    i
    The total percentage of microfinance loans taken for the purpose of housing. This can include outright purchase, construction, or maintenance to a dwelling.
    Pakistan Microfinance Network National 2020
    1%
    Number of approved building permit applications for improvements to residential properties
    i
    The number of approved permit applications for improvements to residential properties.
    - -
    % of residential land that is rated for property taxes in the main cities through District Commission rates   
    i
    The percentage of residential land that is rated for property taxes as established by the district commission rates in the main urban cities.
    - -

    The government s recent push on affordable housing is evidenced by new legislation to regulate the market for financing and construction of affordable homes. To address the urban housing crisis within Pakistan, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) government has called for vertical growth and the provision of five million housing units through its Naya Pakistan Housing Program to effectively tackle the rising housing problem for lower income groups.

    To provide formal financial services at affordable rates, Government of Pakistan is providing a markup subsidy for housing finance, through a cluster of banks that are offering long term housing loans – on three tiers (dependent on the size and cost of the house). The subsidy has been implemented through the Mera Pakistan, Mera Ghar scheme in every major bank of Pakistan. Each bank in this scheme provides loans for affordable housing on tiers defined by the NAPHDA. To register for the Naya Pakistan Housing Scheme an individual is required to fill in an online form. This online form requires details which includes applicant s National Identity Card number. Final candidates are chosen based on the following criteria set out by NAPHDA:

    – Minimum monthly income PKR 25,000/- for applicant and PKR 20,000/- for co-applicant(s).

    – Minimum three years proof of business for business individuals and two years proof of business for SEP (Self-Employed Professional).

    – Minimum two years employment period for salaried.

    Of the 6 indicators in this group, all are populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Human development index (HDI) country ranking: Asia
    i
    The ranking of the country's Human Development Index Score within Africa/Asia. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.
    United Nations Development Program National 2019
    46 out of 48
    Human development index (HDI) country ranking: Global
    i
    The ranking of the country's Human Development Index Score globally. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of achievements in three key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.
    United Nations Development Program National 2020
    154 out of 189
    Ease of doing business index rank: Asia
    i
    The ranking of the country's Ease of Doing Business Score in Asia. The ease of doing business score measures an economys performance with respect to a measure of regulatory best practice across the entire sample of 41 indicators for 10 Doing Business topics (the employing workers and contracting with the government indicators are excluded). See https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/methodology for a detailed description of the methodology.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    35 out of 48
    Ease of doing business index rank: Global
    i
    The ranking of the country's Ease of Doing Business Score globally. The ease of doing business score measures an economys performance with respect to a measure of regulatory best practice across the entire sample of 41 indicators for 10 Doing Business topics (the employing workers and contracting with the government indicators are excluded). See https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/methodology for a detailed description of the methodology.
    World Bank Doing Business Indicator National 2020
    108 out of 190
    Corruption perceptions index rank: Asia
    i
    The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions by business people and country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector.
    Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) National 2020
    35 out of 49
    Corruption perceptions index rank: Global
    i
    The Corruption Perceptions Index aggregates data from a number of different sources that provide perceptions by business people and country experts of the level of corruption in the public sector.
    Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) National 2020
    Tied 124 with 4 other countries out of 180

    Pakistan is witnessing rampant inflation, increasing unemployment and extreme pressure on exchange rates. The propensity of individuals to save, invest and the ability to avail access to low-cost housing has reduced with due to the current economic landscape.

    Of the 16 indicators in this group, 14 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Real GDP growth rate
    i
    The annual percentage change in the value of real GDP.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    0.52%
    Unemployment rate
    i
    The narrow unemployment rate. The narrow unemployed are those of working age that are without work (i.e. have not been classified as employed); are currently available for work (either paid employment or self-employment during the reference period); and are seeking work i.e. have taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment. The narrow labour force are those of working age that are classified as employed as well as the narrow unemployed. The narrow unemployment rate is given by: (narrow unemployed)/(narrow labour force).
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    4.65%
    Labour Force Survey Urban 2018
    6.48%
    Labour Force Survey Karachi (Urban Sindh) 2018
    4.00%
    Labour Force Survey Lahore (Urban Punjab) 2018
    7.00%
    Labour Force Survey Peshawar (Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2018
    7.71%
    Labour Force Survey Quetta (Urban Balochistan) 2018
    6.10%
    % Of females aged 15-49 that have not worked in the past year
    i
    The percentage of females aged 15+ that are a part of the labour force but have not worked in the past year.
    Labour Force Survey National 2018
    7.70%
    Labour Force Survey Urban 2018
    15.97%
    Labour Force Survey Karachi (Urban Sindh) 2018
    9.33%
    Labour Force Survey Lahore (Urban Punjab) 2018
    15.14%
    Labour Force Survey Peshawar (Urban Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) 2018
    16.34%
    Labour Force Survey Quetta (Urban Balochistan) 2018
    31.20%
    % Of population below national poverty line
    i
    The percentage of the population living below the national poverty lines. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2018
    21.90%
    GDP per capita
    i
    The value of GDP in current local currency units divided by the size of the population.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    188,900 PKR$1,080.91
    GDP per capita growth rate
    i
    The annual percentage growth rate of GDP per capita based on constant local currency.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    -1.44%
    Gini coefficient index
    i
    Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2018
    31.60
    Inflation rate (CPI)
    i
    The annual percentage change in the general price level.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    9.74%
    Yield on 3-year government bonds
    i
    The yield on government bonds/bills that are set to mature in 3 years.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Economic Data Dashboard National 2021
    7%
    Yield on 5-year government bonds
    i
    The yield on government bonds/bills that are set to mature in 5 years.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Economic Data Dashboard National 2021
    7.50%
    Yield on 20-year government bonds
    i
    The yield on government bonds/bills that are set to mature in 20 years.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Economic Data Dashboard National 2021
    8%
    Yield on 10-year government bonds
    i
    The yield on government bonds/bills that are set to mature in 10 years.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Economic Data Dashboard National 2021
    11%
    USD Exchange rate (1 USD = x LCU)
    i
    The number of local currency units per USD at the end of the year.
    State Bank of Pakistan - Economic Data Dashboard National 2021
    174.76
    PPP conversion factor for private consumption
    i
    Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor is a spatial price deflator and currency converter that controls for price level differences between countries, thereby allowing volume comparisons of gross domestic product (GDP) and its expenditure components. This conversion factor is for household final consumption expenditure.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    38.74
    % Of individuals aged 15-49 that have not worked in the past year
    i
    The percentage of individuals aged 15+ that are a part of the labour force but have not worked in the past year.
    - -
    Government construction of dwellings and serviced stands as a % of national budget
    i
    The share of the government's budget (actual expenditure, not estimated expenditure) allocated to the construction of residential dwellings.
    - -

    While Pakistan s population is approximately 220 million individuals, there are only 32 million dwellings to cater to this growing size. The Population and Housing Census reveals that Pakistan s urban centres are experiencing a population growth of almost 3% per annum, while the housing backlog continues to accelerate. According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, approximately 10 million household units have only 1 room, raising concerns about overcrowding and adequate service provision .

    Data pertaining to migration reveals that 56% of all migrants are female. Women and girls are generally moving for marriage (59%), or to accompany parents (14%) or their spouse (19%), whereas male migrants generally move for employment or business (34%), or to accompany parents (30%), with relatively few moving for education purposes (2%). This suggests that people are generally migrating as a family unit, impacting the provision of housing.

    Of the 10 indicators in this group, 9 are currently populated.

    Indicator Data Source Aggregation Year Data Quality Data Accessibility Value
    Number of households
    i
    The total number of households. A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and share meals.
    Population and Housing Census National 2017
    32,185,605
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    12,203,750
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    2,730,368
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    1,744,755
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    492,194
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    271,328
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    332,145
    Average household size
    i
    The average number of household members. A household consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and share meals.
    The DHS Program National 2018
    6.60
    The DHS Program Urban 2018
    6.30
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    5.72
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    6.23
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    8.37
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    7.97
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    5.86
    Population size
    i
    The size of the population.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    220,892,331
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    75,670,837
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    16,024,894
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    11,119,985
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    4,267,198
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    2,269,473
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    2,003,368
    Population growth rate
    i
    The annual percentage change in the size of the population.
    World Bank National Accounts Data National 2020
    1.98%
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    3.01%
    Population and Housing Census Karachi 2017
    2.75%
    Population and Housing Census Lahore 2017
    3%
    Population and Housing Census Peshawar 2017
    3.99%
    Population and Housing Census Quetta 2017
    5.81
    Population and Housing Census Islamabad 2017
    4.90%
    Population pyramid
    i
    A collection of data points that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population, broken down by sex, for a given year.
    United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs National 2020
    Populated
    Population and Housing Census Urban 2017
    Populated
    Country income pyramid
    i
    A collection of data points that shows the number of households whose total annual income falls within different brackets.
    CGIDD National 2021
    Populated
    CGIDD Urban 2021
    Populated
    CGIDD Karachi 2021
    Populated
    CGIDD Lahore 2021
    Populated
    CGIDD Peshawar 2021
    Populated
    CGIDD Quetta 2021
    Populated
    CGIDD Islamabad 2021
    Populated
    List of main urban centres
    i
    The names of urban centres that are of interest in a specific country.
    Pakistan Bureau of Statistics National 2017
    Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Faislabad, Gujranwala, Peshawar, Multan, Hyderabad, Quetta, Bhawalpur, Sargodha, Sialkot
    % Distribution of population 10 years and over by migration status
    i
    The percentage distribution of population 10 years and over by migration status
    Labour Force Survey National 2018
    Non-Migrant: 86.90, Migrant: 13.10
    % Rural migrant population by reason of migration
    i
    The percentage of rural migrant population by reason of migration.
    Labour Force Survey National 2018
    Job transfer: 1.69%, Found a job: 3.08%, Searching for a job: 2.92%, Searching for better agriculture land: 1.65%, Education: 0.62%, Business: 0.78%, Health: 0.13%, Marriage: 38.7, With parents: 17.54%, With spouse: 8.38%, With son/daughter: 0.82%, Change of residence: 2.48%, Returned to his home: 17.88%, Security/law and order situation: 0.87%, Other: 2.32%
    % Urban migrant population by reason of migration
    i
    The percentage of urban migrant population by reason of migration.
    Labour Force Survey National 2018
    Job transfer: 2.47%, Found a job: 7.74%, Searching for a job: 7.25%, Searching for better agriculture land: 0.43%, Education: 2%, Business: 2.17%, Health: 0.10%, Marriage: 29.7%, With parents: 23.9%, With spouse: 12.77%, With son/daughter: 1.21%, Change of residence: 3.61%, Returned to his home: 2.76%, Security/law and order situation: 1.19%, Other: 2.46%
    Number of rural to urban migrants per annum
    i
    The total number of rural to urban migrants per annum.
    - -

    Documents

    The Affordable Housing Market in Pakistan: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities

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    Understanding the Urban Bottom 40: Pakistan

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